🐑 Ir 64 Merupakan Contoh Bibit Unggul The matchless theme, very much is pleasant to me :)

ungguldan bertanggung jawab, dan memperkuat profesionalisme serta kompetensi bidang. Hal tersebut perlu dilakukan semata-mata untuk mewujudkan visi Negara sebagaimana tertuang dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Untuk merealisasikan hal tersebut, diperlukan sebuah penyelenggaraan Pelatihan yang

29. IR 64 merupakan contoh bibit unggul a. jagungс kedelaib. kacangd. padi30. Tanaman yang memiliki sifat yang samadengan induknya disebuta. galur murni c. dihibridb. monohibrid d. trihibrid Jawaban KALAU SALAH Jawaban29. jawabannya jawabannya a. galur murni

Munculnyasifat homozigot resesif merupakan contoh perkawinan inbreeding yang terjadi untuk beberapa generasi dapat merugikan peranan penelitian untuk memperoleh bibit unggul sangat penting. Pemuliaan tanaman dan hewan adalah suatu metode yang secara sistematik merakit keragaman genetik menjadi suatu bentuk yang bermanfaat bagi manusia Batan akan mengembangkan varietas lokal dengan menggandeng pemerintah daerahJakarta ANTARA - Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional Batan hingga saat ini menghasilkan 44 varietas tanaman unggul dengan memanfaatkan teknologi nuklir. "Di bidang pangan dan pertanian, hingga saat ini Batan telah menghasilkan 44 tanaman varietas unggul," kata Kepala Batan Anhar Riza Antariksawan dalam simposium virtual dalam rangkaian perayaan HUT Batan 2020 di Jakarta, Rabu. Hal itu disampaikan Anhar dalam Simposium Bersama Indonesia-Jepang tentang Riset dan Pengembangan, Keselamatan dan Pendidikan tentang Nuklir Indonesia-Japan Joint Symposium on Nuclear Research and Development, Safety and Education. Pemanfaatan teknologi nuklir untuk memperbaiki sifat tanaman agar memiliki keunggulan tertentu, seperti tahan hama, tahan kekeringan, cepat panen, serta produksi banyak. Varietas unggul tersebut, antara lain padi unggul, kedelai, kacang hijau, sorgum, dan gandum tropis. Baca juga BATAN dan Pemkab Klaten hasilkan dua varietas unggul padi rojolele Anhar menuturkan kegiatan di bidang pangan dan pertanian ke depan difokuskan pada pengembangan varietas-varietas baru yang memiliki keunggulan dan mampu beradaptasi dengan cuaca ekstrem akibat perubahan iklim. Selain itu, Batan akan mengembangkan varietas lokal dengan menggandeng pemerintah daerah. Dalam rangka penyebaran pemanfaatan varietas unggul hasil pemuliaan dengan induksi mutasi, Batan bekerja sama dengan seluruh pemangku kepentingan di dunia pertanian. Sasarannya, kata dia, menjaga akses dan ketersediaan benih mengingat karakteristik unggulannya termasuk peningkatan produktivitas dibandingkan dengan menggunakan varietas biasa. Penggunaan varietas Batan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan aspek sosial ekonomi petani dan produsen benih untuk kesejahteraan mereka. Baca juga Batan kembangkan varietas padi unggul-tanaman sela untuk swasembada Baca juga Varietas padi unggul tahan cuaca ekstrem akan dikembangkan Batan Baca juga Petani Sulbar minati beras "nuklir" BatanPewarta Martha Herlinawati SEditor M. Hari Atmoko COPYRIGHT © ANTARA 2020 Jenisjenis bibit dari IRRI ini di Indonesia disebut padi unggul baru (PUB). Pada tahun 1966, IR-8 mulai disebarkan ke Asia diikuti oleh penyebaran IR-5 pada tahun 1967. Pada tahun 1966, IR-8 mulai disebarkan ke Asia diikuti oleh penyebaran IR-5 pada tahun 1967. ^{CIRI-CIRI PADI SAWAH IR-64 Penulis Nurman Ihsan, SP THL TBPP DEPTAN di BANTEN Salah satu varietas padi yang saat ini paling banyak ditanam petani selain varietas Ciherang adalah varietas IR64. Varietas ini dilepas pemerintah sekitar tahun 1986. Ketika kita membeli benih padi di kios-kios, maka besar kemungkinan hanya ada 2 jenis padi saja, kalau tidak padi ciherang, ya padi IR64 ini. Kalau kita melihat sosok padi IR64 di sawah, maka biasanya secara “kasat mata” dapat kita bedakan dengan padi lain. Menurut saya, padi IR64 selain sosoknya agak pendek, jumlah anakkan banyak, dan bulirnya yang agak besar dan ramping, padi ini terlihat “mekar” dibandingkan dengan padi lain. Menurut saya sosok padi yang “mekar” inilah yang menjadi ciri khas padi IR64. Di daerah Surabaya, Sidoarjo dan sekitarnya, beras IR64 ini dikenal dengan nama beras bengawan. Ciri-ciri fisiknya panjang dan ramping, sedangkan warnanya putih susu. Beras jenis ini cocok untuk makanan yang berkuah. Kalau di Tasikmalaya, beras dari IR64 ini dinamakan beras panjang. Berikut ini adalah ciri-ciri varietas padi R64, sumber BB padi IR 64, Rice Varieties – Padi Sawah Asal persilangan IR5657/IR2061 Kelompok Padi Sawah Nomor Seleksi IR18348-36-3-3 Golongan Cere Umur tanaman 110-120 hari Bentuk tanaman Tegak Tinggi tanaman 85 cm Anakan produktif 20-35 batang Warna kaki Hijau Warna batang Hijau Warna telinga daun Tidak berwarna Warna lidah daun Tidak berwarna Warna daun Hijau Permukaan daun Kasar Posisi daun Tegak Daun bendera Tegak Bentuk gabah Ramping, panjang Warna gabah Kuning bersih Kerontokan Tahan Kerebahan Tahan Tekstur nasi Pulen Kadar amilosa 24,1% Indeks glikemik 70 Bobot 1000 butir 27 gram Rata-rata hasil 5,0 t/ha Potensi hasil 6,0 t/ha Ketahanan terhadap Hama Tahan wereng coklat biotipe 1,2, dan agak tahan wereng coklat biotipe 3 Ketahanan terhadap penyakit Agak tahan hawar daun bakteri strain IV tahan virus kerdil rumput Pemulia Introduksi dari IRRI Di lepas tahun 1986 About NURMAN IHSAN Bila cinta kepada seseorang saja, di hati penuh kerinduan. Apalagi bila kita dapatkan cinta ALLOH SWT. Ini prestasi seorang hamba. Prestasi hidup. Dan prestasi terbesar. Oleh sebab itu, rebutlah cinta itu,,, This entry was posted in BENIH UNGGUL PADI. Bookmark the permalink.}

Contohvarietas varietas padi unggul hasil persilangan dari padi IR 64 yang banyak sekali di minati petani adalah Padi Ciherang, Inpari, dan lain - lain. Baca Juga Fungsi dan Dosis Gandasil B dan D Per Tengki Untuk Segala Tanaman Kegunaan dan

Pernahkah kamu mendengar tentang bibit unggul? Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang bibit unggul? Adakah keuntungan ketika kamu menggunakan bibit unggul? Kamu akan belajar tentang bibit unggul pada penjelasan berikutnya? Bibit unggul adalah bibit tanaman atau hewan yang mempunyai sifat yang baik dari tanaman atau hewan yang sejenis lainnya. Sifat unggul pada tanaman memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut. 1. Waktu berbuah atau produksinya cepat. 2. Hasil produksinya banyak. 3. Rasa buahnya atau rasa hasil produksinya enak. 4. Tahan terhadap hama dan gulma serta penyakit. Kegiatan 1 Memahami Pewarisan Sifat Alat dan bahan beberapa buku biologi dan internet Cara kerja 1. Cari materi tentang pewarisan sifat, terutama yang berhubungan dengan prinsip mendel. 2. Baca materi tersebut. Kemudian buat karya ilmiah dari bahan-bahan yang telah kamu kumpulkan. Analisis dan diskusi 1. Diskusikan karya ilmiahmu di depan kelas. 2. Buat resume dari hasil diskusi karya ilmiahmu dan gunakan resume tersebut untuk menambah wawasanmu. 5. Tahan terhadap perubahan iklim dan kondisi tanah yang bervariasi. 6. Pohonnya pendek. Sifat unggul pada hewan memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut. 1. Tahan terhadap penyakit. 2. Tahan terhadap perubahan iklim. 3. Hasil produksinya berkualitas tinggi. Tahukah kamu bahwa bibit unggul dapat diperoleh dengan cara hibridisasi. Apa yang dimaksud dengan hibridisasi? Hibridisasi adalah mengawinkan dua jenis hewan atau tumbuhan yang berbeda varietas dan memiliki sifat-sifat unggul. Selain itu juga bisa didapat dengan cara mutasi gen dan inseminasi buatan kawin suntik. Keuntungan mengembangbiakkan tanaman dan hewan dengan memperhatikan sifat unggul adalah sebagai berikut. 1. Dapat menghasilkan produk yang bermutu tinggi. Misalnya ☯ Menghasilkan produk susu yang bermutu tinggi dari sapi yang merupakan bibit unggul dari hasil penyilangan. ☯ Daging yang berkualitas tinggi dari sapi Brahma dan ayam pedaging broiler. Gambar Ayam broiler merupakan salah satu contoh bibit unggul. Sumber ☯ Menghasilkan beras yang bermutu tinggi dari padi unggul, misalnya padi C, Gading, Centani, Remaja, dan padi unggul dari Philipina seperti PB 5, PB 8, dan PB 36. ☯ Menghasilkan rambutan yang berbuah manis dan besar serta pohonnya rendah yang didapat dari hasil pe-nyilangan. 2. Bisa menghemat biaya dan tenaga kerja, misalnya teknologi tanam benih langsung yang disebut TOT Tabela dengan menggunakan jenis padi Mamberomo dan Cibobas. 3. Dapat mempercepat produksi, misalnya padi unggul Mamberomo dan Cibobas yang masa panennya 2 minggu lebih cepat. 4. Tanaman dan hewan akan berumur panjang karena sifat unggulnya yang tahan terhadap penyakit dan iklim. Misalnya padi VUTW Varietas unggul tahan wereng dan padi IR 64. Apa yang kamu lakukan untuk menjaga supaya bibit unggul tidak kehilangan sifat-sifat keunggulannya? Kamu dapat melakukan dan menjaga persilangan sesama galur murni supaya tidak terkontaminasi dengan varietas lain. Gambar Pohon rambutan dapat dihasilkan dari penyilangan. Sumber Dok. Penerbit Tulis jawaban pada buku kerjamu. 1. Sebutkan dan jelaskan materi genetik yang menyebabkan adanya sifat beda pada makhluk hidup. 2. Apa yang dimaksud dengan gen? 3. Tentukan genotipe dan fenotipe F1 dari pariental Aabb dengan aaBB, jika A = buah besar, a = buah kecil, B = bentuk bulat, b = bentuk lonjong. 4. Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang sifat intermediet? Berikan contoh persilangnya. 5. Perhatikan bagan berikut. Induk tinggi × kerdil Gamet G1 G2 Generasi F1 semua tinggi Generasi F2 787 tinggi dan 262 kerdil Bagan di atas menunjukkan jalur pewarisan monohibrid antara pohon kacang tinggi homozigot dan pohon kacang kerdil homozigot. a. Apa yang dimaksud dengan pewarisan monohibrid? b. Sebutkan genotipe untuk induk tinggi dan induk kerdil. c. Tentukan genotipe dari keturunan pertama dan kedua. Cari F1 dan F2 pada persilangan tumbuhan kacang ercis berbiji bulat dengan tumbuhan berbiji keriput. Sifat bulat dominan terhadap sifat keriput. Tentukan rasio fenotipe pada F2. 1. Setiap makhluk hidup memiliki sifat beda yang dikendalikan oleh gen dan kromosom. 2. Genotipe adalah sifat makhluk hidup yang tidak tampak sehingga tidak bisa diamati dengan indra. Fenotipe adalah sifat makhluk hidup yang tampak sehingga bisa diamati dengan indra. 3. Persilangan monohibrid adalah persilangan dua individu dengan memperhatikan satu sifat beda. 4. Persilangan dihibrid adalah persilangan dua individu dengan memperhatikan dua sifat beda. 5. Sifat induk yang muncul pada turunannya disebut sifat dominan, sedangkan sifat yang tertutupi oleh sifat dominan sehingga tidak muncul pada turunan disebut sifat resesif. Jika sifat dominan tidak jenuh atau sifat turunan berada di antara sifat kedua induknya disebut intermediet. valuasi E 1. Bagian sel yang mempengaruhi pe-nurunan sifat adalah .... a. inti sel dan ribosom b. nukleus dan nukleolus c. kromosom dan gen d. kromosom dan genetik 2. Genotipe yang tersusun dari sifat dominan saja AA atau resesif saja aa disebut .... a. heterozigot b. homozigot c. dominan d. resesif 3. Sifat turunan yang bisa diamati dengan mata adalah sifat .... a. dominan c. genotipe b. resesif d. fenotipe 4. Penggabungan sifat dari dua makhluk hidup disebut .... a. genotipe b. fenotipe c. galur murni d. persilangan 5. Tanaman rasa manis homozigot dominan disilangkan dengan tanaman rasa masam homozigot resesif. Jika A = rasa manis, a= rasa masam, berapa jumlah fenotipe 2 rasa masam? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 A. Pengecekan Konsep 6. Bunga warna merah MM disilangkan dengan bunga warna putih mm bersifat intermediet. Warna turunan yang akan dihasilkan adalah .... a. merah muda 100% b. merah muda 50% c. putih 100% d. putih 50% 7. Makhluk hidup yang memiliki satu kromosom adalah .... a. nyamuk c. molusca b. bakteri d. porifera 8. Persilangan antara tanaman ber-genotipe AABB dengan aabb akan menghasilkan perbandingan fenotipe F2 .... a. 6433 c. 9331 b. 9322 d. 9133 9. Apabila ada 20 macam kromosom pada setiap sel makhluk hidup, setiap sel gametnya akan memiliki kromosom .... a. 20 pasang c. 5 pasang b. 10 pasang d. heterozigot 10. Penemuan bibit unggul pada hewan dan tumbuhan dilakukan melalui proses .... a. seleksi alam b. adaptasi c. hibridisasi d. sterilisasi Coba kamu cari literatur di internet tentang materi bab ini. Apakah pemahamanmu tentang materi bab ini sama dengan yang kamu temukan di internet? Buat resume tentang materi ini berdasarkan pemahamanmu dan kumpulkan hasilnya pada gurumu. B. Pemahaman Konsep 1. Apa yang menentukan pewarisan sifat dalam makhluk hidup? Jelaskan. 2. Jelaskan perbedaan antara genotipe dengan fenotipe. Berikan contoh genotipe dan fenotipe pada kehidupan-mu sehari-hari minimal 4. 3. Bunga berwarna merah Mm disilang-kan dengan bunga berwarna putih mm, di mana M dan m bersifat intermediet. Tentukan genotipe dan fenotipe F2. 4. Tentukan fenotipe dari hasil persilangan individu bergenotipe sebagai berikut. a. BbMm × Bbmm b. Bbmm × Dgpkt 5. Pak Jarwo petani pepaya. Pak Jarwo mempunyai bibit tanaman pepaya rasa manis dengan daging buah berwarna merah. Genotipe pepaya tersebut heterozigot SsMm kemudian disilang-kan dengan sesamanya. Bagaimana kemungkinan genotipe dan fenotip keturunan dari miliki pak Jarwo? TEKNOLOGI

Dibidang pertanian penangkaran dilakukan untuk memperoleh bibit unggul tanaman budidaya yang lebih baik, Dapat mematikan usaha petani tradisional. 18.03.2017 · contoh hewan yang di lakukan dengan teknik hibrida yang telah di teliti oleh institute pertanian bogor adalah merupakan persilangan dari ikan patin jambal dan juga ikan patin siam yang

^{List Of Ir 64 Merupakan Contoh Bibit Unggul References. Web varietas yang akan diujikan yaitu ir 64, mekongga, ciherang, inpari sidenuk, dan hipa 18. Transfer teknologi produksi bibit dengan 64 Merupakan Contoh Bibit Unggul Berbagai Contoh from merupakan salah satu contoh bibit unggul. Ir 64 merupakan contoh bibit unggul 30 april 2022; Semangka possa merupakan jenis semangka hibrida, dengan warna kulit hijau tua yang tidak mudah terkena penyakit Daud Alaihissalam As Adalah Seorang Utusan Allah Yang Mempunyai contoh dan cara merumuskan judul penelitian ilmiah yang harus sesuai dengan topik dan. Web gambar ini adalah contoh baju besi peninggalan tahun 1000 sm. Web varietas yang akan diujikan yaitu ir 64, mekongga, ciherang, inpari sidenuk, dan hipa Macam Bibit Buah ☝️ masyarakat yang berpendidikan akan menumbuhkan bibit unggul yang dapat danpadi merupakan jenis tanaman yang butuh banyak air diawal pertumbuhannya. Semangka possa merupakan jenis semangka hibrida, dengan warna kulit hijau tua yang tidak mudah terkena penyakit serta. ☯ menghasilkan beras yang bermutu tinggi dari padi unggul, misalnya padi c, gading, centani, remaja, Jenis Bibit Padi Dapat Dipilih Berdasarkan Aspek Dan Kriteria ir 64 merupakan contoh bibit unggul koleksi nomer 6. Web merupakan salah satu contoh bibit unggul. Web bibit ibarat bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi hasil Harga Bibit Unggul Lebih Mahal, Namun Hasilnya Akan Sepadan Dengan Apa lailafauziyah1 biologi sekolah menengah pertama terjawab ir 64 merupakan contoh bibit unggul. Ir 64 merupakan contoh bibit unggul 30 april 2022; Transfer teknologi produksi bibit dengan Misalnya Padi Vutw Varietas Unggul Tahan Wereng Dan Padi Ir besar, buah kecil, rasa manis, rasa asam, batang tinggi,. Kriteria yang digunakan yaitu tinggi tanaman, kerontokan, harga bibit, umur tanaman, bentuk. Petrokimia gresik yang memiliki banyak sekali kelebihan dan keungg. Baru Ir 64 Merupakan Contoh Bibit Unggul Trending Reviewed by Bumbu Bumbu Masakan on April 12, 2023 Rating 5}

Էпсиклιզу шачιր утрοճ
Պεкл ኃзвуγስсу
Иኩиψе ւխጵюղጪክևη

usahatani saat ini merupakan suatu keharusan yang perlu dilakukan guna Contoh lain penggunaan bibit unggul yang dapat melipatgandakan hasil panen dalam sistem monokultur, akan yang ditanam petani secara luas adalah IR 64, Way Apo Buru, Ciliwung, Membramo dan Ciherang. IR 64 menggeser padi IR 36 yang dominan antara High-yielding varieties developed in the 1960s and 1970s at the International Rice Research Institute IRRI and elsewhere benefited farmers and the public, ultimately increasing yields and reducing the cost of rice to consumers. Most of these varieties, however, did not have the optimum cooking quality that was possessed by many of the traditional varieties they replaced. In 1985, the IRRI-developed indica variety IR64 was released in the Philippines. In addition to its high yield, early maturity and disease resistance, it had excellent cooking quality, matching that of the best varieties available. These merits resulted in its rapid spread and cultivation on over 10 million ha in the two decades after it was released. It has intermediate amylose content and gelatinization temperature, and good taste. It is resistant to blast and bacterial blight diseases, and to brown planthopper. Because of its success as a variety, it has been used extensively in scientific studies and has been well-characterized genetically. Many valuable genes have been introduced into IR64 through backcross breeding and it has been used in thousands of crosses. Its area of cultivation has declined in the past 10 years, but it has been replaced by a new generation of high-quality varieties that are mostly its progeny or relatives. Continued basic studies on IR64 and related varieties should help in unraveling the complex genetic control of yield and other desirable traits that are prized by rice farmers and may be subject to copyright. Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free R E V I E W Open AccessIR64 a high-quality and high-yieldingmega varietyDavid J. Mackill1*and Gurdev S. Khush2AbstractHigh-yielding varieties developed in the 1960s and 1970s at the International Rice Research Institute IRRI andelsewhere benefited farmers and the public, ultimately increasing yields and reducing the cost of rice to of these varieties, however, did not have the optimum cooking quality that was possessed by many of thetraditional varieties they replaced. In 1985, the IRRI-developed indica variety IR64 was released in the Philippines. Inaddition to its high yield, early maturity and disease resistance, it had excellent cooking quality, matching that ofthe best varieties available. These merits resulted in its rapid spread and cultivation on over 10 million ha in the twodecades after it was released. It has intermediate amylose content and gelatinization temperature, and good is resistant to blast and bacterial blight diseases, and to brown planthopper. Because of its success as a variety, ithas been used extensively in scientific studies and has been well-characterized genetically. Many valuable geneshave been introduced into IR64 through backcross breeding and it has been used in thousands of crosses. Its areaof cultivation has declined in the past 10 years, but it has been replaced by a new generation of high-qualityvarieties that are mostly its progeny or relatives. Continued basic studies on IR64 and related varieties should helpin unraveling the complex genetic control of yield and other desirable traits that are prized by rice farmers November 2016, the International Rice Research Insti-tute IRRI and others commemorated the 50th anniversaryof the release of IR8, its first developed variety and a begin-ning of the Green Revolution in rice variety established the basic plant type of the high-yielding varieties HYVs that have now spread over mostrice growing had a very high grain yield, but also a number of de-fects, most importantly, poor grain quality, lack of diseaseand insect resistance, and late maturity. The varietiessubsequently developed and released over the next twodecades improved greatly on these traits Khush 1999.During the early 1980s, one of the most popular varietiesgrown was IR36. In addition to its disease and insect re-sistance, it achieved its high yield in a period of only111 days from seed to seed, compared to 130 days for IR8Khush and Virk 2005. It spread rapidly and wasestimated to be planted on more than 10 million ha dur-ing the much improved over IR8, IR36 still lacked thequality of the best varieties grown in the Philippines andIndonesia before the Green Revolution. IR64, released inthe Philippines in 1985, represented a breakthrough incombining excellent palatability of cooked rice with theother traits found in previous IRRI HYVs. IR64 replacedIR36 in most growing areas and spread rapidly in newareas. Because of its wide adaptation, early maturity, andimproved quality, it became a standard for high-qualityrice and was highly desired by the rice industry. Becauseof its popularity, it has been used widely as a representa-tive indica variety in research studies. It has also beenused extensively as a parent in breeding programs, andto develop populations for genetic this article, we describe the development of IR64and its major characteristics. We also discuss the use ofthis variety in further breeding and rice research.* Correspondence djmackill Inc. and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis,CA 95616, USAFull list of author information is available at the end of the article© The Authors. 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original authors and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were and Khush Rice 2018 1118 courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. ReviewBreeding history, including parentage and selectionhistory, evaluation and releaseThe breeding history of IR64 is summarized in Khushand Virk 2005. The breeding program at IRRI focusedon combining the different traits desired by farmers, in-cluding high yield, resistance to biotic and abioticstresses, early maturity, and improved grain quality. TheGenetic Evaluation and Utilization GEU program wasformulated at IRRI to focus research efforts on combin-ing these traits through interdisciplinary collaborationKhush and Coffman 1977. In segregating generationsand in evaluation of fixed lines, plants and breeding lineswere evaluated for these traits either in the pedigreebreeding nursery or special screening nurseries. This im-proved the chance of combining multiple traits into asingle cross of IR5657-33-2-1/IR2061-465-1-5-5, wasmade in early 1977 and was designated IR18348. The fe-male parent was noted for its good cooking qualityintermediate amylose, as well as having some toleranceto salinity. The male parent was a high-yielding breedingline derived from a highly productive cross that resultedin a number of other varieties from sister lines, includ-ing IR28, IR29 and IR34. The full pedigree Fig. 1 showsthe derivation of IR64 from 19 traditional rice F2 population was evaluated in 1978, and thepedigree method of breeding was followed in the F3 andF4 populations, grown in 1979. The breeding lineIR18348-36-3-3 resulted from the bulk harvest of a F5family in 1980, and was subsequently evaluated in yieldtrials in 1981–83 at IRRI, as well as in the PhilippineNational Trials. It out-yielded IR36 by 21% in these trialsIRRI 1986. It was released by the Philippine Seed Boardwith the designation IR64’in 1985, and this designationhas been subsequently used by IRRI IRRI 1986.The early varieties developed at IRRI were high yieldingand had disease and insect resistance, but their grain qualitywas inferior to the best available varieties. At the time, thestandard for grain quality in the Philippines was the varietyBPI-76 and its sister line BPI-121, derived from the crossFortuna/Seraup Besar 15 Cada and Escuro 1972. The par-ent variety Fortuna is from the USA, and Seraup Besar 15was originally introduced from Malaysia. BPI-76 was re-leased in 1960 in the Philippines, and non-photoperiod sen-sitive selections, BPI-76 and BPI-76-1, were alsoreleased Dalrymple 1978. Another popular variety notedfor its quality was C4-63, and it was derived from the crossPeta/BPI-76. Before IR64, C4-63 was considered one of themain high-quality varieties in the Philippines. In 1970, agreen-base C4-63 was released to replace the original seedstocks of C4-63. Because of its good eating quality inter-mediate amylose content it had spread in Indonesia,Malaysia, and Burma Yoshida 1981. Rice was even widelymarketed under the C4 name up to the 1980s; however,many of the market samples actually turned out to be othervarieties or mixtures of varieties with inferior quality thatwere being grown by farmers Juliano et al. 1989.BPI-121-407 is considered the most likely contributorof superior quality in the pedigree of IR64, althoughBPI-76 is also in its pedigree. BPI-121-407 is a short-statured breeding line with superior quality, and was se-lected as an induced mutant of the original BPI-121Cada and Escuro 1972. In the advanced evaluation ofFig. 1 Pedigree of IR64 showing the ultimate landraces in its ancestry Khush and Virk 2005Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 2 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. the breeding line IR18348-36-3-3 at IRRI, taste panelswere used to ensure that the quality of BPI-76 or BPI-121 was captured. Taste panels were also applied in thegovernment of the Philippines rice program to assist inproviding the data for release of this and impactThe major breakthrough in the development of IR64was the combination of the high yield and diseaseand insect resistance of earlier IRRI varieties with thesuperior grain quality associated with varieties likeBPI-76 and C4-63. It’s first release was by the Philip-pine government in 1985. It was also released in thefollowing countries Bhutan, Burkina Faso as FKR42,Cambodia, China, Ecuador as NIAP11, Gambia,India, Indonesia, Mauritania, Mozambique, andVietnam as OM89 Khush and Virk 2005. Its wideadaptation is notable, and it became widely grown inSoutheast and South Asia. It is also noted to be welladapted to the Sahelian regions of West AfricaDevries et al. 2011;JuliaandDingkuhn2013.By 1995, IR64 was already estimated to be grown on 8million ha Khush 1995, and by the turn of the centurythis rose to over 10 million ha. The long persistence ofIR64 in farmers’fields after its release was attributed to itsexcellent eating quality Champagne et al. 2010. The areaof production gradually declined in the Philippines duringthe period 2000–2007, partly due to pressure from tungrodisease Laborte et al. 2015. Indonesia was a major pro-ducer of IR64, which was grown on more than 40% of itstotal area for around a decade Fig. 2, and was stillpopular in 2009 Brennan and Malabayabas 2011. It isalso widely grown in India. During 1998–2006 IR64accounted for over 10% of the breeder seed produced inIndia and was still above 3% in 2015, suggesting that itwas grown on 2–3 million ha annually during the perioddata provided by A. K. Singh.A specific estimate of the impact of this variety hasnot been attempted, even though it is known as the mostpopular variety in terms of area, particularly in tropicalAsia. IR64 has contributed greatly to farmer incomesnot only through higher yields, but through improvedquality that results in higher price and earlier maturitythat allows higher cropping with other IRRI varieties, seed of IR64 was distrib-uted freely to researchers and farmers and no intellec-tual property protection was sought on it or any progenydeveloped from characteristics, including key traitsIR64 is a semidwarf indica rice variety, with average ma-ture plant height of approximately 100 cm in thePhilippines Fig. 3. It is a relatively early duration var-iety, with total growth duration of about 117 daysKhush and Virk 2005. It inherits the same semidwarfsd1 allele as other IRRI semidwarf varieties, ultimatelyderived from Dee-geo-woo-gen. According to Wei et al.2016 it has the loss of function alleles for Hd1 andEhd1, which confer earlier duration and insensitivity tophotoperiod. At the time of its release, IRRI 1986 listedthe valuable traits as resistance to brown planthopperBPH biotypes 1 and 3, green leafhopper GLH, whiteFig. 2 Share of leading varieties in Indonesia during 1985–2009 Brennan and Malabayabas 2011Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 3 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. backed planthopper WBPH, bacterial blight, grassystunt virus; and moderate resistance to blast, BPH bio-type 2, and stem borer. It was the first IRRI variety tocombine intermediate amylose content and intermediategelatinization temperature GT.IR64 has high yield, especially compared to earlier-released IRRI varieties, but not as high as some of thesubsequently released varieties like IR72. Peng et al.2000 list its grain yield as and t ha−1compared to and t ha−1for IR72 in the dryseason at IRRI in 1996 and 1998, respectively. It hashigh grain filling percentage and grain weight, but arelatively low spikelet number per m2Peng et al. 2000.According to Ujiie et al. 2016, IR64 possesses a geneGS3 for grain size and the narrow-leaf gene NAL1 thatimprove grain yields. IR64 is considered a typical high-tillering indica type cultivar, in contrast to the “newplant type”NPT varieties that have lower tillering butlarge tiller and panicle size Okami et al. 2015.IR64 has relatively durable resistance to BPH, and it isknown to carry the major gene Bph1. However, it is re-ported to have better resistance than other varieties carry-ing Bph1 andhasgoodfieldresistancetothepest,exhibiting antiobiosis, antixenosis and tolerance Cohen etal. 1997. This is partly attributed to its possessing add-itional QTLs controlling BPH resistance which confergreater durability of the resistance Alam and Cohen 1998.IR64 has very good levels of resistance to blast disease,including major-gene resistance and partial resistanceBastiaans and Roumen 1993; Grand et al. 2012;Roumen1992. Sallaud et al. 2003 reported six resistance genes,designated Pi25t, Pi-27t, Pi29t, Pi30t, Pi31t, andPi32t. It also has resistance genes Pita Lee et al. 2011and Pi20 Khush and Virk 2005, as well as Pi33 onchromosome 8 which was derived from O. rufipogon ac-cession IRGC101508, sometimes referred to as O. nivarain its pedigree Ballini et al. 2007; Berruyer et al. 2003.Sreewongchai et al. 2010 found that IR64 has broad re-sistance to blast disease in Thailand and this was con-ferred mainly by QTLs on chromosomes 2 and 12. It wasalso resistant in a blast hotspot in India Thakur et Kongprakhon et al. 2010 identified QTLs thatmay correspond to Pi25 chromosome 2, Pi29 chromo-some 8, and Pi28 chromosome 10.IR64 is resistant to Bacterial Blight BB diseasecaused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and pos-sesses the major gene Xa4 for resistance Adhikari et Khush and Virk 2005. The gene is thought toconfer additional agronomic benefits in addition to BBresistance Hu et al. 2017. It is also resistant against Af-rican strains of X. oryzae, and several QTLs for resist-ance were identified Djedatin et al. 2016.IR64 is susceptible to tungro disease, including RiceTungro Spherical Virus RTSV Lee et al. 2010 and RiceTungro Bacilliform Virus RTBV Zenna et al. 2006.IR64 was developed primarily for irrigated riceproduction, and abiotic stress resistance was not an ob-jective. While it is generally considered susceptible toabiotic stresses, it has been widely grown in more favor-able rainfed situations and under mildly is considered susceptible to drought stress andyield reductions can be considerable Anantha et al. 2016.Yields under aerobic conditions favorable upland arealso relatively low Zhao et al. 2010. Vikram et al. 2015attributed drought susceptibility of many modern high-yielding varieties to linkage between a drought susceptibil-ity QTL and the semidwarf gene sd1. IR64 has a relativelyshallow root system and low root length density Henry etal. 2011; Shrestha et al. 2014. Under water stress, IR64has relatively low water uptake rate Gowda et al. 2012.IR64 is considered sensitive to heat Coast et al. 2016;Gonzalez-Schain et al. 2016; Shanmugavadivel et al. 2017;Ye et al. 2015, although this has not been reported as aproblem with previous or current production environ-ments. However, Jagadish et al. 2008 indicated that IR64is actually moderately tolerant of high temperature atFig. 3 Plot of IR64 growing in the field at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippinesphoto from IRRIMackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 4 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. flowering. It is also susceptible to Fe toxicity Wu et anaerobic germination Miro and Ismail 2013, andlow temperature at the vegetative stage Chawade et IR64 lacks the P deficiency gene PSTOL1 like anumber of other high-yielding varieties Gamuyao et IR64 was reported to be sensitive to low P condi-tions Mori et al. 2016; Vejchasarn et al. 2016. It is alsorelatively sensitive to Zn deficiency Impa et al. 2013.While IR64 does not possess the submergencetolerancealleleofSUB1, it has some moderate toler-ance to submergence during the vegetative stageSingh et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2013.Grain and market characteristicsIR64 grain has good physical appearance and is a typicallong-grain variety with high head rice yield IRRI 1986.As mentioned above, IR64 was the first IRRI variety tohave both intermediate amylose content and intermedi-ate GT. These traits are considered important for theideal texture of cooked rice, especially for many riceconsumers in South and Southeast Asia. However, thesetwo traits alone do not account for the superior cookingquality of the variety, and methods to evaluate cookingquality are still inadequate aside from laborious sensorymethods Concepcion et al. 2015. This is why the use oftaste panels was essential to identify the superior qualityof texture is mostly controlled by the allele at thewaxy locus Wx on chromosome 6. Among the major al-leles at this locus, IR64 carries the Wxinallele at the waxylocus signifying intermediate amylose content Zhang etal. 2012. However, various sequence features of the Wxgene are associated with grain quality of rice, includingthe number of CT repeats in the 5′untranslated part ofthe gene and the SNPs at specific sites in intron 1, exon 6,and exon 10 Bligh et al. 1998; Bligh et al. 1995; Larkinand Park 2003. Based on the DNA sequence, IR64 hasthe CT17allele of Wx Roferos et al. 2008; CT17and CT20are associated with intermediateamylose and soft to medium hardness Roferos et The SNPs at the Wx locus are G-C-C for intron 1,exon 6 and exon 10, a common haplotype for intermedi-ate amylose varieties Chen et al. 2010.Azucena and IR64 both have intermediate amyloseand intermediate GT, and the doubled haploid popula-tion of the cross between the two was used to identifyQTLs for several grain quality related traits, includingstarch properties measured by Rapid Visco AnalyzerRVA Bao et al. 2002. The study showed that there aregenetic differences for these traits despite both varietieshaving similar amylose content and of the improved quality superiority is from im-proved flavor, including sweet and corn notes Calingacionet al. 2015; Champagne et al. 2010. Reduced yellow color,improved texture and mouthfeel, and superior “sweet”taste were noted in IR64 vs. the lower-quality IRRI-132Champagne et al. 2010 Table 1. Metabolomics analysisshowed very different profiles for IR64 vs. the lower qual-ity variety Apo Calingacion et al. 2015.Calingacion et al. 2014 surveyed grain quality prefer-ences in different countries and regions based on themost popular varieties in each area. However, two coun-tries where IR64 dominated have different preferencesIndonesia and Philippines. These preferences canchange over and genomic characteristicsIR64 has been used extensively in genetic studies of rice,mainly because it represents a high-yielding and high-quality indica variety that is widely adapted to tropicallowland growing conditions. The most well-known map-ping population was a doubled haploid population ofabout 146 lines derived from the cross IR64/AzucenaGuiderdoni et al. 1992, and first used by Huang et al.1997 to map important agronomic traits and by Wu etal. 1997 to map tolerance to Fe toxicity. Other map-ping populations with IR64 as a parent have been devel-oped using both indica and japonica parents. Arecombinant inbred line RIL population of 171 familieswas developed in a cross between IR64 and the wildrelative O. rufipogon and tolerance to Al toxicity wasmapped Nguyen et al. 2003. Reciprocal chromosomesegment substitution lines CSSL were also developedin IR64 and Koshihikari backgrounds to study the inher-itance of grain shape Nagata et al. 2015.The original genome sequence of rice used the japon-ica variety Nipponbare IRGSP 2005. In the first reportof resequencing multiple varieties, IR64 was used among20 diverse varieties, although this only included 100 Mbof the unique fraction of the genome McNally et Schatz et al. 2014 reported whole genome denovo assembly for IR64 as well as the japonica varietyTable 1 Comparison of flavor attributes of high quality IR64and low-quality Apo Calingacion et al. 2015Flavor ApoaIR64aApo IR64Irrigated Drought Irrigated DroughtSweet taste + ++ + + ++ +Corn + + +Sweet aromatic + + +Astringent ++ + + + +Water like metallic ++ + ++ ++ +Sewer/animal ++ ++ ++Sour/silage ++ + + +Hay-like musty ++ ++ ++ +areported from a previous study Champagne et al. 2010Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 5 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. Nipponbare and the aus variety DJ123. The genomecoverage was and included 37,758 genes. IR64was estimated to have 381 genes not present in either ofthe other two varieties, and DJ123 and Nipponbare had297 and 786 genes not found in the other varieties. Jainet al. 2014 also reported whole genome sequencing ofIR64 along with Pokkali and N22, achieving Methylation pattern has also been studied inIR64 and compared with a japonica variety Dianjingyou1and two wild ancestors Li et al. 2012. Gene expressionand identification of functional roles of genes have beencarried out with this model variety, for example droughtresponsive genes Ray et al. 2011, gene expressionchanges during different stages of development Sharmaet al. 2012, and salinity tolerance Wang et al. 2016.Important progenyThe excellent grain quality of IR64 has become the stand-ard for rice quality requirements in a number of of its popularity with farmers, IR64 has been usedwidely as a parent in rice breeding, as a recipient of newgenes through marker-assisted backcrossing and genetictransformation, and as a standard check for basic studiesby many rice researchers. IR64 figured prominently in themapping of many QTLs when genome-wide markers be-came the Philippines, IR64 was replaced by newer var-ieties in the early 2000s mainly due to its susceptibilityto tungro disease. However, the breeders have attemptedto retain the quality traits of IR64. PSB Rc82 is an ex-ample of a variety that became very popular, and IR64 isone of its grandparents. In India as well, the varietyMTU 1010 became very popular, and it is a cross ofKrishnaveni/ was a dominant variety in Indonesia for over twodecades. In the last 10 years, it has been replaced by thevariety Ciherang, which has very similar grain qualityand improved yields. This variety is from the crossIR18349-53-1-3-1-3/IR19661-131-3-1//IR19661-131-3-1/IR64/IR64, and has high genetic similarity with IR64IRRI 2015; Septiningsih et al. 2014. It has very similargrain quality to IR64 and is also morphologically andgenetically similar Muhamad et al. 2017.The availability of genome-wide molecular markers formarker assisted selection enabled the transfer of import-ant traits into popular varieties like IR64 through marker-assisted backcrossing MABC Collard and Mackill2008. Early examples of this included varieties developedby pyramiding BB resistance genes into IR64, includingAngke and Conde in Indonesia, and NSIC Rc142 in thePhilippines Verdier et al. 2012.The rice submergence tolerance gene SUB1 was intro-duced by marker assisted backcrossing into IR64 andseveral other popular varieties Septiningsih et al. 2009Fig. 4. Because IR64 had moderate tolerance to sub-mergence, IR64-Sub1 tended to perform better undersubmergence than some of the other Sub1 lines, and itsrelatively early maturity allowed it to recover and produceyields after prolonged flooding and before the onset of lowtemperatures Singh et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2013. IR64-Sub1 was released as Submarino 1 in the Philippines in2009. The genetic similarity of Ciherang with IR64 wasexploited to develop a submergence-tolerant version ofCiherang with only one backcross Septiningsih et IR64-Sub1 was also used to develop submergencetolerant varieties in Vietnam Lang et al. 2015.Many interesting genes and QTLs have been backcrossedinto IR64 and these progeny are being evaluated for usefultraits Table 2. One of the most important is drought toler-ance. This trait was introduced by backcrossing fromdrought tolerance donor Aday Sel into IR64 Venuprasadet al. 2011, and some of the derived lines showed yield in-creases of 528 to 1875 kg ha-1 over IR64 under severedrought conditions Swamy et al. 2013. Breeding lines withtwo drought-tolerance QTLs + into IR64 showed improved performance underabFig. 4 aIR64 and IR64-Sub1 under non-flooded conditions at IRRI. bTrials after submergence showing the survival of IR64-Sub1 comparedto IR64. Fields were submerged for 17 days at 28 days after seeding.Photos from IRRIMackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 6 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. drought stress. These lines had improved hydraulic con-ductivity and higher root length density Henry et al. 2015.The gene DRO1, conferring deeper rooting and droughttolerance, was also transferred into IR64 by backcrossing,and resulted in NILs with higher drought tolerance Uga etal. 2013. According to the authors, a single bp deletion inDRO1 resulted in a stop codon in IR64 and caused shallowrooting and drought intolerance, and this deletion was ob-served in IR64 and some of its progeny but not in itsancestors. The IR64 Dro1-NIL had a 14% higher yieldthan IR64 Deshmukh et al. 2017. IR64-Sub1 is beingused as a recipient for drought tolerance QTLs to de-velop a version of IR64 tolerant of both stresses Singh etal. 2016.IR64 is generally considered a restorer line for hybrid rice,particularly in the WA CMS system widely used in indica“three-line”hybrid breeding Xie et al. 2014. However, Tor-iyama and Kazama 2016 developed a new IR64 cmstermed CW type Chinese wild rice, restored by the IRRI, induced mutation was used to generate alarge collection of mutants in IR64. This collectionhas been used to discover many genes controlling im-portant traits in rice Wu et al. 2005. Some of thesemutants show favorable phenotypes that could beused directly in rice breeding. Examples includetolerance to salinity Nakhoda et al. 2012, resistanceto blast disease Madamba et al. 2009, resistance totungro disease Zenna et al. 2008, and drought toler-ance Cairns et al. 2009.Transgenic applications have been limited for rice andare currently not in commercial cultivation. However,Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocols arewell developed and used for IR64 Ignacimuthu andRaveendar 2011. For example, it has been transformedwith genes conferring higher Fe and Zn content in theendosperm Oliva et al. 2014; Trijatmiko et al. 2016 andherbicide tolerance Chhapekar et al. 2015.ConclusionsThis brief review attempts to document the value ofthe variety IR64 for rice breeding and genetics butcannot contain all the information available. At onetime, this variety was estimated to be grown on 9–10million ha annually Laird and Kate 1999. Consider-ing the many years it has been in production, overapproximately two decades, it has been providinghundreds of millions of consumers with high-qualityrice. In this sense it resembles some of the othermegavarietieslikeSwarnaandSambaMahsuri,grown in India. However, breeders have been quick totake advantage of this variety to make furtherTable 2 Near Isogenic Lines NILs developed in IR64 genetic background with genes conferring novel and improved traitsTrait/QTL Comments ReferencesSubmergence toleranceSUB1The SUB1 major gene was introduced by Marker AssistedBackcrossing MABC into IR64 and released in several countries.Septiningsih et al. 2009Drought toleranceDRO1Breeding line developed by MABC showed improved droughttolerance through deeper root system.Uga et al. 2013Drought tolerance + derived by MABC showed improved yield under severedrought stress.Swamy et al. 2013SPIKE geneNARROW LEAF1NIL with this gene showed 15–36% higher yield when introgressedinto IR64. The gene increases spikelet number.Fujita et al. 2013.Improved agronomic traits 334 introgression lines developed in IR64 background usingtropical japonica donorsFarooq et al. 2010; Fujita et al. 2009;Kato et al. 2010; Tagle et al. 2016Anaerobic germinationAG1IR64-AG1 was developed by introgressing the AG1 QTLinto IR64.Toledo et al. 2015Yield QTL identified fromO. rufipogonSome QTLs from low yielding wild rice O. rufipogon can increaseyield in IR64 background.Cheema et al. 2008; Septiningsihet al. 2003Drought tolerance from population of alien introgression lines using an accession of Africanrice O. glaberrima backcrossed to IR64 BC2, and identified QTLsassociated with drought-related traits.Bimpong et al. 2011Early-morning floweringqEMF3NIL IR64 + qEMF3 with early morning flowering was developed usingthree backcrosses by marker assisted backcrossing and it flowered earlier in the day than IR64. In this case the donor was wild riceO. officinalis. This trait can confer tolerance to high temperature at anthesis.Hirabayashi et al. 2015Tolerance to Pdeficiency Pup1Tolerance of P deficiency was introduced into IR64-Pup1, with the Pup1gene for more efficient P uptake.Chin et al. 2011; Wissuwa et to rice yellowmottle virus RYMVResistance to RYMV was introduced into IR64 background by markerassisted backcrossing.Ahmadi et al. 2001Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 7 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. advances. As an example, IR64 has been replaced inmost of the Philippines and Indonesia by new var-ieties with similar quality attributes but improvedagronomic traits like disease resistance and highergrain breeding is a continual process and all varieties areexpected to be replaced by improved varieties over is still a popular variety in some areas, particularly inIndia where it is a popular variety in the north. Its area isgradually declining, due to release of improved as outlined here, it lives on through its progenythat are cultivated or under evaluation throughout the re-gion. Some of the most important factors that enabled thedevelopment of such a superior variety include a largebreeding program where many crosses were made annu-ally and large segregating populations were grown, well-defined objectives with focus on the most necessary traitsincluding preferred quality attributes, systematic screeningby skilled researchers for required traits, sensory data toconfirm quality of the cooked rice, a suitable evaluationprogram to measure yield as early in the breeding pro-gram as possible, and an effective outreach effort to evalu-ate advanced selections under farmers’conditions andensure that seed was widely development of high-quality mega varieties like IR64has provided a challenge to rice breeders to make furtherimprovements to varieties that are widely-accepted byfarmers. This challenge has been met well in the Philippinesand Indonesia where new varieties have replaced IR64, butless well in India where the variety is still popular. In gen-eral, new varieties that aim to replace the mega varietiesmust offer a clear advantage, such as improved stress toler-ance or higher yield. Additionally, the rice processing in-dustry must be supportive of the efforts to replace existingvarieties with new ones, so that farmers will have a suitablemarket for their crop produced from these new Bacterial blight; BPH Brown Planthopper; CSSL Chromosome segmentsubstitution library; GEU Genetic Evaluation and Utilization; GLH Greenleafhopper; GT Gelatinization temperature; HYV High-yielding variety;IRRI International Rice Research Institute; MABC Marker assistedbackcrossing; RIL Recombinant inbred population; RTBV Rice tungrobacilliform virus; RTSV Rice tungro spherical virus; RVA Rapid visco analyzer;WBPH White backed planthopperAcknowledgmentsNot of data and materialsNot and GSK conceived of the manuscript. DJM served as lead author andwrote most of the manuscript. GSK reviewed the entire manuscript andprovided corrections and additional information. Both authors approved thefinal approval and consent to participateNot for publicationNot interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional details1Mars, Inc. and Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis,CA 95616, of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis,CA 95616, 2 November 2017 Accepted 14 March 2018ReferencesAdhikari TB, Mew TW, Teng PS 1994 Progress of bacterial blight on rice cultivarscarrying different Xa genes for resistance in the field. Plant Dis 7873–77Ahmadi N, Albar L, Pressoir G, Pinel A, Fargette D, Ghesquiere A 2001 Geneticbasis and mapping of the resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus. III. Analysisof QTL efficiency in introgressed progenies confirmed the hypothesis ofcomplementary epistasis between two resistance QTLs. Theor Appl Genet1031084–1092Alam SN, Cohen MB 1998 Detection and analysis of QTLs for resistance to thebrown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, in a doubled-haploid rice Appl Genet 971370–1379Anantha MS, Patel D, Quintana M, Swain P, Dwivedi JL, Torres RO, Verulkar SB,Variar M, Mandal NP, Kumar A, Henry A 2016 Trait combinations thatimprove rice yield under drought Sahbhagi Dhan and new drought-tolerantvarieties in South Asia. Crop Sci 56408–421Ballini E, Berruyer R, Morel JB, Lebrun MH, Notteghem JL, Tharreau D 2007Modern elite rice varieties of the 'Green Revolution' have retained a largeintrogression from wild rice around the Pi33 rice blast resistance locus. NewPhytol 175340–350Bao JS, Wu YR, Hu B, Wu P, Cui HR, Shu QY 2002 QTL for rice grain qualitybased on a DH population derived from parents with similar apparentamylose content. Euphytica 128317–324Bastiaans L, Roumen EC 1993 Effect on leaf photosynthetic rate by leaf blast forrice cultivars with different types and levels of resistance. Euphytica 6681–87Berruyer R, Adreit H, Milazzo J, Gaillard S, Berger A, Dioh W, Lebrun MH, TharreauD 2003 Identification and fine mapping of Pi33, the rice resistance genecorresponding to the Magnaporthe grisea avirulence gene ACE1. Theor ApplGenet 1071139–1147Bimpong IK, Serraj R, Chin JH, Ramos J, Mendoza EMT, Hernandez JE, MendioroMS, Brar DS 2011 Identification of QTLs for drought-related traits in alienintrogression lines derived from crosses of rice Oryza sativa cv. IR64 x under lowland moisture stress. J Plant Biol 54237–250Bligh HFJ, Larkin PD, Roach PS, Jones CA, Fu HY, Park WD 1998 Use of alternatesplice sites in granule-bound starch synthase mRNA from low-amylose ricevarieties. Plant Mol Biol 38407–415Bligh HFJ, Till RI, Jones CA 1995 A microsatellite sequence closely linked to thewaxy gene of Oryza sativa. Euphytica 8683–85Brennan JP, Malabayabas A 2011 International Rice Research Institute’scontribution to rice varietal yield improvement in South-East Asia. ACIARimpact assessment No. 74. Australian Centre for International AgriculturalResearch, CanberraCada EC, Escuro PB 1972 Rice varietal improvement in the Philippines. Ricebreeding. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp 161–166Cairns JE, Acuna TLB, Simborio FA, Dimayuga G, Praba ML, Leung H, Torres R,Lafitte HR 2009 Identification of deletion mutants with improvedperformance under water-limited environments in rice Oryza sativa L. FieldCrop Res 114159–168Calingacion M, Fang L, Quiatchon-Baeza L, Mumm R, Riedel A, Hall RD, FitzgeraldM 2015 Delving deeper into technological innovations to understanddifferences in rice quality. Rice 81–10Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 8 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. Calingacion M, Laborte A, Nelson A, Resurreccion A, Concepcion JC, Daygon VD,Mumm R, Reinke R, Dipti S, Bassinello PZ, Manful J, Sophany S, Lara KC, BaoJS, Xie LH, Loaiza K, El-hissewy A, Gayin J, Sharma N, Rajeswari S, ManonmaniS, Rani NS, Kota S, Indrasari SD, Habibi F, Hosseini M, Tavasoli F, Suzuki K,Umemoto T, Boualaphanh C, Lee HH, Hung YP, Ramli A, Aung PP, Ahmad R,Wattoo JI, Bandonill E, Romero M, Brites CM, Hafeel R, Lur HS, Cheaupun K,Jongdee S, Blanco P, Bryant R, Lang NT, Hall RD, Fitzgerald M 2014 Diversityof global rice markets and the science required for consumer-targeted ricebreeding. PLOS ONE 91 e85106. ET, Bett-Garber KL, Fitzgerald MA, Grimm CC, Lea J, Ohtsubo K,Jongdee S, Xie LH, Bassinello PZ, Resurreccion A, Ahmad R, Habibi F, ReinkeR 2010 Important sensory properties differentiating premium rice 3270–281Chawade A, Lindlof A, Olsson B, Olsson O 2013 Global expression profiling oflow temperature induced genes in the chilling tolerant japonica rice JumliMarshi. PLOS ONE 812 e81729. KK, Bains NS, Mangat GS, Das A, Vikal Y, Brar DS, Khush GS, Singh K2008 Development of high yielding IR64 x Oryza rufipogon Griff.introgression lines and identification of introgressed alien chromosomesegments using SSR markers. Euphytica 160401–409Chen MH, Fjellstrom RG, Christensen EF, Bergman CJ 2010 Development ofthree allele-specific codominant rice Waxy gene PCR markers suitable formarker-assisted selection of amylose content and paste viscosity. Mol Breed26513–523Chhapekar S, Raghavendrarao S, Pavan G, Ramakrishna C, Singh VK, PhanindraMLV, Dhandapani G, Sreevathsa R, Kumar PA 2015 Transgenic riceexpressing a codon-modified synthetic CP4-EPSPS confers tolerance tobroad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate. Plant Cell Rep 34721–731Chin JH, Gamuyao R, Dalid C, Bustamam M, Prasetiyono J, Moeljopawiro S,Wissuwa M, Heuer S 2011 Developing rice with high yield underphosphorus deficiency Pup1 sequence to application. Plant Physiol 1561202–1216Coast O, Murdoch AJ, Ellis RH, Hay FR, Jagadish KSV 2016 Resilience of riceOryza spp. pollen germination and tube growth to temperature stress. PlantCell Environ 3926–37Cohen MB, Alam SN, Medina EB, Bernal CC 1997 Brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens, resistance in rice cultivar IR64 mechanism and role insuccessful N. lugens management in central Luzon, Philippines. Entomol ExpAppl 85221–229Collard BCY, Mackill DJ 2008 Marker-assisted selection an approach forprecision plant breeding in the 21st century. Phil Trans Royal Soc B Rev 363557–572Concepcion JCT, Ouk M, Zhao D, Fitzgerald MA 2015 The need for new toolsand investment to improve the accuracy of selecting for grain quality in Crop Res 18260–67Dalrymple DG 1978 Development and spread of high yielding varieties ofwheat and rice in the less developed nations. USDA Foreign AgriculturalEconomic Report No. 95. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington V, Kamoshita A, Norisada M, Uga Y 2017 Near-isogenic lines of IR64Oryza sativa subsp indica cv. introgressed with DEEPER ROOTING 1 andSTELE TRANSVERSAL AREA 1 improve rice yield formation over thebackground parent across three water management regimes. Plant Prod Sci20249–261Devries ME, Leffelaar PA, Sakane N, Bado BV, Giller KE 2011 Adaptability ofirrigated rice to temperature change in Sahelian environments. Exp Agric 4769–87Djedatin G, Ndjiondjop MN, Sanni A, Lorieux M, Verdier V, Ghesquiere A 2016Identification of novel major and minor QTLs associated with Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae African strains resistance in rice Oryza sativa L. Rice 918Farooq M, Tagle AG, Santos RE, Ebron LA, Fujita D, Kobayashi N 2010Quantitative trait loci mapping for leaf length and leaf width in rice cv. IR64derived lines. J Integr Plant Biol 52578–584Fujita D, Santos RE, Ebron LA, Telebanco-Yanoria MJ, Kato H, Kobayashi S, Uga Y,Araki E, Takai T, Tsunematsu H, Imbe T, Khush GS, Brar DS, Fukuta Y,Kobayashi N 2009 Development of introgression lines of an Indica-type ricevariety, IR64, for unique agronomic traits and detection of the responsiblechromosomal regions. Field Crop Res 114244–254Fujita D, Trijatmiko KR, Tagle AG, Sapasap MV, Koide Y, Sasaki K, Tsakirpaloglou N,Gannaban RB, Nishimura T, Yanagihara S, Fukuta Y, Koshiba T, Slamet-LoedinIH, Ishimaru T, Kobayashi N 2013 NAL1 allele from a rice landrace greatlyincreases yield in modern indica cultivars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 11020431-20436Gamuyao R, Chin JH, Pariasca-Tanaka J, Pesaresi P, Catausan S, Dalid C, Slamet-Loedin I, Tecson-Mendoza EM, Wissuwa M, Heuer S 2012 The protein kinasePstol1 from traditional rice confers tolerance of phosphorus 488535–539Gonzalez-Schain N, Dreni L, Lawas LMF, Galbiati M, Colombo L, Heuer S, JagadishKSV, Kater MM 2016 Genome-wide transcriptome analysis during anthesisreveals new insights into the molecular basis of heat stress responses intolerant and sensitive rice varieties. Plant Cell Physiol 5757–68Gowda VRP, Henry A, Vadez V, Shashidhar HE, Serraj R 2012 Water uptakedynamics under progressive drought stress in diverse accessions of theOryzaSNP panel of rice Oryza sativa. Funct Plant Biol 39402–411Grand X, Espinoza R, Michel C, Cros S, Chalvon V, Jacobs J, Morel JB 2012Identification of positive and negative regulators of disease resistance to riceblast fungus using constitutive gene expression patterns. Plant Biotechnol J10840–850Guiderdoni E, Galinato E, Luistro J, Vergara G 1992 Anther culture of tropicaljaponica x indica hybrids of rice Oryza sativa L.. Euphytica 62219–224Henry A, Gowda VRP, Torres RO, McNally KL, Serraj R 2011 Variation in rootsystem architecture and drought response in rice Oryza sativa phenotypingof the OryzaSNP panel in rainfed lowland fields. Field Crop Res 120205–214Henry A, Swamy BPM, Dixit S, Torres RD, Batoto TC, Manalili M, Anantha MS,Mandal NP, Kumar A 2015 Physiological mechanisms contributing to theQTL-combination effects on improved performance of IR64 rice NILs underdrought. J Exp Bot 661787–1799Hirabayashi H, Sasaki K, Kambe T, Gannaban RB, Miras MA, Mendioro MS, SimonEV, Lumanglas PD, Fujita D, Takemoto-Kuno Y, Takeuchi Y, Kaji R, Kondo M,Kobayashi N, Ogawa T, Ando I, Jagadish KSV, Ishimaru T 2015 qEMF3,anovel QTL for the early-morning flowering trait from wild rice, Oryzaofficinalis, to mitigate heat stress damage at flowering in rice, O. sativa. J ExpBot 661227–1236Hu K, Cao J, Zhang J, Xia F, Ke Y, Zhang H, Xie W, Liu H, Cui Y, Cao Y, Sun X, XiaoJ, Li X, Zhang Q, Wang S 2017 Improvement of multiple agronomic traitsby a disease resistance gene via cell wall reinforcement. Nature Plants N, Parco A, Mew T, Magpantay G, Mccouch S, Guiderdoni E, Xu JC,Subudhi P, Angeles ER, Khush GS 1997 RFLP mapping of isozymes, RAPDand QTLs for grain shape, brown planthopper resistance in a doubledhaploid rice population. Mol Breeding 3105–113Ignacimuthu S, Raveendar S 2011 Agrobacterium mediated transformation ofindica rice Oryza sativa L. for insect resistance. Euphytica 179277–286Impa SM, Morete MJ, Ismail AM, Schulin R, Johnson-Beebout SE 2013 Znuptake, translocation and grain Zn loading in rice Oryza sativa L.genotypes selected for Zn deficiency tolerance and high grain Zn. J ExpBot 642739–2751IRGSP 2005 The map-based sequence of the rice genome. Nature 436793–800IRRI 1986 Annual report for 1985. International Rice Research Institute, LosBañosIRRI 2015 Growing rice, cultivating partnerships 40 years of Indonesia-IRRIcollaboration. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los BañosJagadish SVK, Craufurd PQ, Wheeler TR 2008 Phenotyping parents of mappingpopulations of rice for heat tolerance during anthesis. Crop Sci 481140–1146Jain M, Moharana KC, Shankar R, Kumari R, Garg R 2014 Genomewidediscovery of DNA polymorphisms in rice cultivars with contrastingdrought and salinity stress response and their functional relevance. PlantBiotechnol J 12253–264Julia C, Dingkuhn M 2013 Predicting temperature induced sterility of ricespikelets requires simulation of crop-generated microclimate. Eur J Agron 4950–60Juliano BO, Perez CM, Maranan CL, Abansi CL, Duff B 1989 Grain qualitycharacteristics of rice in Philippine retail markets. Philipp Agriculturalist 72113–122Kato Y, Okami M, Tajima R, Fujita D, Kobayashi N 2010 Root response to aerobicconditions in rice, estimated by Comair root length scanner and scanner-based image analysis. Field Crop Res 118194–198Khush GS 1995 Modern varieties - their real contribution to food supply andequity. GeoJournal 35275–284Khush GS 1999 Green revolution preparing for the 21st century. Genome 42646–655Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 9 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. Khush GS, Coffman WR 1977 Genetic evaluation and utilization GEU programthe rice improvement program of the international rice research Appl Genet 5197–110Khush GS, Virk PS 2005 IR varieties and their impact. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los BañosKongprakhon P, Cuesta-Marcos A, Hayes PM, Hongtrakul V, Sirithunya P, ToojindaT, Sangduen N 2010 Four QTL in rice associated with broad spectrumresistance to blast isolates from rice and barley. J Phytopathol 158125–131Laborte AG, Paguirigan NC, Moya PF, Nelson A, Sparks AH, Gregorio GB 2015Farmers’preference for rice traits insights from farm surveys in centralLuzon, Philippines, 1966-2012. PLOS ONE 108 e0136562. SA, Kate K 1999 The commercial use of biodiversity access to geneticresources and benefit-sharing. Earthscan, NT, Phuoc NT, Ha PTT, Toan TB, Buu BC, Reinke R, Ismail AM, Wassmann R2015 Development of submergence tolerant breeding lines for J Genet Breed 47448–459Larkin PD, Park WD 2003 Association of waxy gene single nucleotidepolymorphisms with starch characteristics in rice Oryza sativa L. Mol Breed12335–339Lee JH, Muhsin M, Atienza GA, Kwak DY, Kim SM, De Leon TB, Angeles ER,Coloquio E, Kondoh H, Satoh K, Cabunagan RC, Cabauatan PQ, Kikuchi S,Leung H, Choi IR 2010 Single nucleotide polymorphisms in a gene fortranslation initiation factor eIF4G of rice Oryza sativa associated withresistance to Rice tungro spherical virus. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2329–38Lee S, Jia YL, Jia M, Gealy DR, Olsen KM, Caicedo AL 2011 Molecular evolutionof the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta in invasive weedy rice in the ONE 610 e26260. X, Zhu JD, Hu FY, Ge S, Ye MZ, Xiang H, Zhang GJ, Zheng XM, Zhang HY,Zhang SL, Li Q, Luo RB, Yu C, Yu J, Sun JF, Zou XY, Cao XF, Xie XF, Wang J,Wang W 2012 Single-base resolution maps of cultivated and wild ricemethylomes and regulatory roles of DNA methylation in plant geneexpression. BMC Genomics 13300. MRS, Sugiyama N, Bordeos A, Mauleon R, Satoh K, Baraoidan M, Kikuchi S,Shimamoto K, Leung H 2009 A recessive mutation in rice conferring non-race-specific resistance to bacterial blight and blast. Rice 2104–114McNally KL, Childs KL, Bohnert R, Davidson RM, Zhao K, Ulat VJ, Zeller G, ClarkRM, Hoen DR, Bureau TE, Stokowski R, Ballinger DG, Frazer KA, Cox DR,Padhukasahasram B, Bustamante CD, Weigel D, Mackill DJ, Bruskiewich RM,Ratsch G, Buell CR, Leung H, Leach JE 2009 Genomewide SNP variationreveals relationships among landraces and modern varieties of rice. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A 10612273–12278Miro B, Ismail AM 2013 Tolerance of anaerobic conditions caused by floodingduring germination and early growth in rice Oryza sativa L. Front Plant Sci4269. A, Fukuda T, Vejchasarn P, Nestler J, Pariasca-Tanaka J, Wissuwa M 2016The role of root size versus root efficiency in phosphorus acquisition in rice. JExp Bot 671179–1189Muhamad K, Ebana K, Fukuoka S, Okuno K 2017 Genetic relationships amongimproved varieties of rice Oryza sativa L. in Indonesia over the last 60 yearsas revealed by morphological traits and DNA markers. Genet Resour CropEvol 64701–715Nagata K, Ando T, Nonoue Y, Mizubayashi T, Kitazawa N, Shomura A, MatsubaraK, Ono N, Mizobuchi R, Shibaya T, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Hori K, Yano M, Fukuoka S2015 Advanced backcross QTL analysis reveals complicated genetic controlof rice grain shape in a japonica x indica cross. Breed Sci 65308–318Nakhoda B, Leung H, Mendioro MS, Mohammadi-nejad G, Ismail AM 2012Isolation, characterization, and field evaluation of rice Oryza sativa L.,Var. IR64 mutants with altered responses to salt stress. Field Crop Res127191–202Nguyen BD, Brar DS, Bui BC, Nguyen TV, Pham LN, Nguyen HT 2003Identification and mapping of the QTL for aluminum tolerance introgressedfrom the new source, Oryza rufipogon Griff., into indica rice Oryza sativa L.Theor Appl Genet 106583–593Okami M, Kato Y, Kobayashi N, Yamagishi J 2015 Morphological traits associatedwith vegetative growth of rice Oryza sativa L. during the recovery phaseafter early-season drought. Eur J Agron 6458–66Oliva N, Chadha-Mohanty P, Poletti S, Abrigo E, Atienza G, Torrizo L, Garcia R,Duenas C, Poncio MA, Balindong J, Manzanilla M, Montecillo F, Zaidem M,Barry G, Herve P, Shou HX, Slamet-Loedin IH 2014 Large-scale productionand evaluation of marker-free indica rice IR64 expressing phytoferritin Breed 3323–37Peng S, Laza RC, Visperas RM, Sanico AL, Cassman KG, Khush GS 2000 Grainyield of rice cultivars and lines developed in the Philippines since 1966. CropSci 40307–314Ray S, Dansana PK, Giri J, Deveshwar P, Arora R, Agarwal P, Khurana JP,Kapoor S, Tyagi AK 2011 Modulation of transcription factor andmetabolic pathway genes in response to water-deficit stress in Integr Genomics 11157–178Roferos LT, Butardo VM, Fitzgerald MA, Juliano BO 2008 Association betweenalleles of the waxy gene and traits of grain quality in Philippine Seed Boardrice varieties. Philipp Agric Sci 91334– EC 1992 Effect of leaf age on components of partial resistance in riceto leaf blast. Euphytica 63271–279Sallaud C, Lorieux M, Roumen E, Tharreau D, Berruyer R, Svestasrani P,Garsmeur O, Ghesquiere A, Notteghem JL 2003 Identification of fivenew blast resistance genes in the highly blast-resistant rice variety IR64using a QTL mapping strategy. Theor Appl Genet 106794–803Schatz MC, Maron LG, Stein JC, Wences AH, Gurtowski J, Biggers E, Lee H, KramerM, Antoniou E, Ghiban E, Wright MH, Chia JM, Ware D, McCouch SR,McCombie WR 2014 Whole genome de novo assemblies of three divergentstrains of rice, Oryza sativa, document novel gene space of aus and Biol 15506. EM, Hidayatun N, Sanchez DL, Nugraha Y, Carandang J, PamplonaAM, Collard BCY, Ismail AM, Mackill DJ 2014 Accelerating the developmentof new submergence tolerant rice varieties the case of Ciherang-Sub1 andPSB Rc18-Sub1. Euphytica 202259–268Septiningsih EM, Pamplona AM, Sanchez DL, Neeraja CN, Vergara GV, Heuer S,Ismail AM, Mackill DJ 2009 Development of submergence tolerant ricecultivars the Sub1 locus and beyond. Ann Bot 103151–160Septiningsih EM, Prasetiyono J, Lubis E, Tai TH, Tjubaryat T, Moeljopawiro S,McCouch SR 2003 Identification of quantitative trait loci for yield andyield components in an advanced backcross population derived fromthe Oryza sativa variety IR64 and the wild relative O. rufipogon. TheorAppl Genet 1071419–1432Shanmugavadivel PS, Mithra SVA, Prakash C, Ramkumar MK, Tiwari R, MohapatraT, Singh NK 2017 High resolution mapping of QTLs for heat tolerance inrice using a 5K SNP array. Rice 1028Sharma R, Agarwal P, Ray S, Deveshwar P, Sharma P, Sharma N, Nijhawan A, JainM, Singh AK, Singh VP, Khurana JP, Tyagi AK, Kapoor S 2012 Expressiondynamics of metabolic and regulatory components across stages of panicleand seed development in indica rice. Funct Integr Genomics 12229–248Shrestha R, Al-Shugeairy Z, Al-Ogaidi F, Munasinghe M, Radermacher M,Vandenhirtz J, Price AH 2014 Comparing simple root phenotyping methodson a core set of rice genotypes. Plant Biol 16632–642Singh N, Dang TTM, Vergara GV, Pandey DM, Sanchez D, Neeraja CN,Septiningsih EM, Mendioro M, Tecson-Mendoza EM, Ismail AM, Mackill DJ,Heuer S 2010 Molecular marker survey and expression analyses of the ricesubmergence-tolerance gene SUB1A. Theor Appl Genet 1211441–1453Singh R, Singh Y, Xalaxo S, Verulkar S, Yadav N, Singh S, Singh N, Prasad KSN,Kondayya K, Rao PVR, Rani MG, Anuradha T, Suraynarayana Y, Sharma PC,Krishnamurthy SL, Sharma SK, Dwivedi JL, Singh AK, Singh PK, Nilanjay, SinghNK, Kumar R, Chetia SK, Ahmad T, Rai M, Perraju P, Pande A, Singh DN,Mandal NP, Reddy JN, Singh ON, Katara JL, Marandi B, Swain P, Sarkar RK,Singh DP, Mohapatra T, Padmawathi G, Ram T, Kathiresan RM, Paramsivam K,Nadarajan S, Thirumeni S, Nagarajan M, Singh AK, Vikram P, Kumar A,Septiningshih E, Singh US, Ismail AM, Mackill D, Singh NK 2016 From QTL tovariety-harnessing the benefits of QTLs for drought, flood and salt tolerancein mega rice varieties of India through a multi-institutional network. Plant Sci242278–287Singh US, Dar MH, Singh S, Zaidi NW, Bari MA, Mackill DJ, Collard BCY, Singh VN,Singh JP, Reddy JN, Singh RK, Ismail AM 2013 Field performance,dissemination, impact and tracking of submergence tolerant Sub1 ricevarieties in South Aisa. SABRAO J Breed Genet 45112–131Sreewongchai T, Toojinda T, Thanintorn N, Kosawang C, Vanavichit A, Tharreau D,Sirithunya P 2010 Development of elite indica rice lines with wide spectrumof resistance to Thai blast isolates by pyramiding multiple resistance Breed 129176–180Swamy BPM, Ahmed HU, Henry A, Mauleon R, Dixit S, Vikram P, Tilatto R, VerulkarSB, Perraju P, Mandal NP, Variar M, Robin S, Chandrababu R, Singh ON,Dwivedi JL, Das SP, Mishra KK, Yadaw RB, Aditya TL, Karmakar B, Satoh K,Moumeni A, Kikuchi S, Leung H, Kumar A 2013 Genetic, physiological, andgene expression analyses reveal that multiple QTL enhance yield of riceMackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 10 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. mega-variety IR64 under drought. PLOS ONE 85 e62795. AG, Fujita D, Ebron LA, Telebanco-Yanoria MJ, Sasaki K, Ishimaru T, FukutaY, Kobayashi N 2016 Characterization of QTL for unique agronomic traits ofnew-plant-type rice varieties using introgression lines of IR64. Crop J 412–20Teng B, Zeng RZ, Wang YC, Liu ZQ, Zhang ZM, Zhu HT, Ding XH, Li WT, ZhangGQ 2012 Detection of allelic variation at the Wx locus with single-segmentsubstitution lines in rice Oryza sativa L. Mol Breed 30583–595Thakur S, Singh PK, Rathour R, Variar M, Prashanthi SK, Singh AK, Singh UD,Chand D, Singh NK, Sharma TR 2013 Positive selection pressure on riceblast resistance allele Piz-t makes it divergent in Indian land races. J PlantInteract 834–44Toledo AMU, Ignacio JCI, Casal Jr C, Gonzaga ZJ, Mendioro MS, Septiningsih EM2015 Development of improved Ciherang-Sub1 having tolerance toanaerobic germination conditions. Plant Breed Biotech 377–87Toriyama K, Kazama T 2016 Development of cytoplasmic male sterile IR24 andIR64 using CW-CMS/Rf17 system. Rice 922Trijatmiko KR, Dueñas C, Tsakirpaloglou N, Torrizo L, Arines FM, Adeva C,Balindong J, Oliva N, Sapasap MV, Borrero J, Rey J, Francisco P, Nelson A,Nakanishi H, Lombi E, Tako E, Glahn RP, Stangoulis J, Chadha-Mohanty P,Johnson AAT, Tohme J, Barry G, Slamet-Loedin IH 2016 Biofortified indicarice attains iron and zinc nutrition dietary targets in the field. Sci Rep 619792Uga Y, Sugimoto K, Ogawa S, Rane J, Ishitani M, Hara N, Kitomi Y, Inukai Y, Ono K,Kanno N, Inoue H, Takehisa H, Motoyama R, Nagamura Y, Wu J, MatsumotoT, Takai T, Okuno K, Yano M 2013 Control of root system architecture byDEEPER ROOTING 1 increases rice yield under drought conditions. Nat Genet451097–1102Ujiie K, Yamamoto T, Yano M, Ishimaru K 2016 Genetic factors determiningvarietal differences in characters affecting yield between two rice Oryzasativa L. varieties, Koshihikari and IR64. Genet Resour Crop Evol 6397–123Vejchasarn P, Lynch JP, Brown KM 2016 Genetic variability in phosphorusresponses of rice root phenotypes. Rice 929Venuprasad R, Impa SM, Gowda RPV, Atlin GN, Serraj R 2011 Rice near-isogenic-lines NILs contrasting for grain yield under lowland drought stress. FieldCrop Res 12338–46Verdier V, Cruz CV, Leach JE 2012 Controlling rice bacterial blight in Africaneeds and prospects. J Biotechnol 159320–328Vikram P, Swamy BP, Dixit S, Singh R, Singh BP, Miro B, Kohli A, Henry A, SinghNK, Kumar A 2015 Drought susceptibility of modern rice varieties an effectof linkage of drought tolerance with undesirable traits. Sci Rep 514799Wang W-S, Zhao X-Q, Li M, Huang L-Y, Xu J-L, Zhang F, Cui Y-R, Fu B-Y, Li Z-K2016 Complex molecular mechanisms underlying seedling salt tolerance inrice revealed by comparative transcriptome and metabolomic profiling. J ExpBot 67405–419Wei FJ, Tsai YC, Wu HP, Huang LT, Chen YC, Chen YF, Wu CC, Tseng YT, HsingYIC 2016 Both Hd1 and Ehd1 are important for artificial selection offlowering time in cultivated rice. Plant Sci 242187–194Wissuwa M, Kretzschmar T, Rose TJ 2016 From promise to application roottraits for enhanced nutrient capture in rice breeding. J Exp Bot 673605–3615Wu JL, Wu C, Lei C, Baraoidan M, Bordeos A, Madamba MR, Ramos-Pamplona M,Mauleon R, Portugal A, Ulat VJ, Bruskiewich R, Wang G, Leach J, Khush G,Leung H 2005 Chemical- and irradiation-induced mutants of indica riceIR64 for forward and reverse genetics. Plant Mol Biol 5985–97Wu P, Luo A, Zhu J, Yang J, Huang N, Senadhira D 1997 Molecular markerslinked to genes underlying seedling tolerance for ferrous iron toxicity. PlantSoil 196317–320Xie F, He Z, Esguerra M, Qiu F, Ramanathan V 2014 Determination ofheterotic groups for tropical Indica hybrid rice germpl asm. Theor ApplGenet 127407–417Ye C, Tenorio F, Redoña E, Morales-Cortezano P, Cabrega G, Jagadish KV,Gregorio G 2015 Fine-mapping and validating to increasespikelet fertility under heat stress at flowering in rice. Theor Appl Genet1281507–1517Yoshida S 1981 Rice crop science. Int. Rice Res. Inst, Los Baños, PhilippinesZenna NS, Cabauatan PQ, Baraoidan M, Leung H, Choi IR 2008 Characterizationof a putative rice mutant for reaction to rice tungro disease. Crop Sci 48480–486Zenna NS, Cruz FCS, Javier EL, Duka IA, Barrion AA, Azzam O 2006 Geneticanalysis of tolerance to rice tungro bacilliform virus in rice Oryza sativa L.through agroinoculation. J Phytopathol 154197–203Zhang ZJ, Li M, Fang YW, Liu FC, Lu Y, Meng QC, Jun CC, Yi XH, Gu MH, Yan CJ2012 Diversification of the waxy gene is closely related to variations in riceeating and cooking quality. Plant Mol Biol Rep 30462–469Zhao DL, Atlin GN, Amante M, Cruz MTS, Kumar A 2010 Developing aerobic ricecultivars for water-short irrigated and drought-prone rainfed areas in thetropics. Crop Sci 502268–2276Mackill and Khush Rice 2018 1118 Page 11 of 11Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved. and ConditionsSpringer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH “Springer Nature”.Springer Nature supports a reasonable amount of sharing of research papers by authors, subscribers and authorised users “Users”, for small-scale personal, non-commercial use provided that all copyright, trade and service marks and other proprietary notices are maintained. Byaccessing, sharing, receiving or otherwise using the Springer Nature journal content you agree to these terms of use “Terms”. For thesepurposes, Springer Nature considers academic use by researchers and students to be Terms are supplementary and will apply in addition to any applicable website terms and conditions, a relevant site licence or a personalsubscription. These Terms will prevail over any conflict or ambiguity with regards to the relevant terms, a site licence or a personal subscriptionto the extent of the conflict or ambiguity only. For Creative Commons-licensed articles, the terms of the Creative Commons license used collect and use personal data to provide access to the Springer Nature journal content. We may also use these personal data internally withinResearchGate and Springer Nature and as agreed share it, in an anonymised way, for purposes of tracking, analysis and reporting. We will nototherwise disclose your personal data outside the ResearchGate or the Springer Nature group of companies unless we have your permission asdetailed in the Privacy Users may use the Springer Nature journal content for small scale, personal non-commercial use, it is important to note that Users maynotuse such content for the purpose of providing other users with access on a regular or large scale basis or as a means to circumvent accesscontrol;use such content where to do so would be considered a criminal or statutory offence in any jurisdiction, or gives rise to civil liability, or isotherwise unlawful;falsely or misleadingly imply or suggest endorsement, approval , sponsorship, or association unless explicitly agreed to by Springer Nature inwriting;use bots or other automated methods to access the content or redirect messagesoverride any security feature or exclusionary protocol; orshare the content in order to create substitute for Springer Nature products or services or a systematic database of Springer Nature line with the restriction against commercial use, Springer Nature does not permit the creation of a product or service that creates revenue,royalties, rent or income from our content or its inclusion as part of a paid for service or for other commercial gain. Springer Nature journalcontent cannot be used for inter-library loans and librarians may not upload Springer Nature journal content on a large scale into their, or anyother, institutional terms of use are reviewed regularly and may be amended at any time. Springer Nature is not obligated to publish any information orcontent on this website and may remove it or features or functionality at our sole discretion, at any time with or without notice. Springer Naturemay revoke this licence to you at any time and remove access to any copies of the Springer Nature journal content which have been the fullest extent permitted by law, Springer Nature makes no warranties, representations or guarantees to Users, either express or impliedwith respect to the Springer nature journal content and all parties disclaim and waive any implied warranties or warranties imposed by law,including merchantability or fitness for any particular note that these rights do not automatically extend to content, data or other material published by Springer Nature that may be licensedfrom third you would like to use or distribute our Springer Nature journal content to a wider audience or on a regular basis or in any other manner notexpressly permitted by these Terms, please contact Springer Nature atonlineservice ... These results indicate that the Koshihikari allele can be useful to increase panicle number in most indica accessions. To verify this, we developed NILs of Hokuriku 193-MP3 and IR64-MP3 on two highyielding indica cultivars -Hokuriku 193 and IR64released in Japan and the Philippines, respectively Figure S6 Goto et al., 2009;Mackill & Khush, 2018. Both cultivars were categorized as Hap7, like Takanari. ...... We developed another NIL for fc1, the loss-of-function allele of OsTB1/FC1 originated from a natural mutant line, Norin 8-fc1, by repeated backcrossing with Takanari and MAS NIL-fc1 BC 3 F 2 . To examine the effect of MP3 in the different genetic backgrounds, we chose highyielding indica cultivars, Hokuriku 193 Goto et al., 2009 and IR64 Mackill & Khush, 2018 Morales et al., 2020. ...Improving crop yield potential through an enhanced response to rising atmospheric CO2 levels is an effective strategy for sustainable crop production in the face of climate change. Large-sized panicles containing many spikelets per panicle have been a recent ideal plant architecture IPA for high-yield rice breeding. However, few breeding programs have proposed an IPA under the projected climate change. Here, we demonstrate through the cloning of the rice Oryza sativa quantitative trait locus for MORE PANICLES 3 MP3 that the improvement in panicle number increases grain yield at elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. MP3 is a natural allele of OsTB1/FC1, previously reported as a negative regulator of tiller bud outgrowth. The temperate japonica allele advanced the developmental process in axillary buds, moderately promoted tillering, and increased the panicle number without negative effects on the panicle size or culm thickness in a high-yielding indica cultivar with large-sized panicles. The MP3 allele, containing three exonic polymorphisms, was observed in most accessions in the temperate japonica subgroups but was rarely observed in the indica subgroup. No selective sweep at MP3 in either the temperate japonica or indica subgroups suggested that MP3 has not been involved and utilized in artificial selection during domestication or breeding. A free-air CO2 enrichment experiment revealed a clear increase of grain yield associated with the temperate japonica allele at elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. Our findings show that the moderately increased panicle number combined with large-sized panicles using MP3 could be a novel IPA and contribute to an increase in rice production under climate change with rising atmospheric CO2 levels.... In general, new varieties that aim to replace the popular varieties must offer a clear advantage, such as improved stress tolerance or higher yield. Additionally, the rice processing industry must be supportive of the efforts to replace existing varieties with new ones, so that farmers will have a suitable market for their crops produced from these new varieties [6]. ...Ciherang is the most extensively planted rice variety in the Indonesia. Ciherang was released as a rice variety in 2000 and successfully replaced IR 64 as the most dominant variety. The wide adoption of Ciherang is because of its acceptable to farmers’ preferences including high yield, resistance to major diseases and good grain quality. Recently, Ciherang become vulnerable to pest and diseases and get low yield due to more occurrence the abiotic stress. The Rice breeding program to develop the Ciherang reborn has been conducted in Indonesian Center for Rice Research. The research aimed to select lines based on yield, morphological performance, and resistant to main pest and diseases for next evaluation of a multilocation yield trial for releasing variety. The materials used were 56 rice genotypes that evaluated yield, agronomic characters, and evaluated to brown planthopper and bacterial left blight. Ten promising lines was selected, derivative from Ciherang or similar ideotype with Ciherang, high yielding, more resistant to main pest and diseases than Ciherang. These promising lines was evaluated in multilocation yield trials for releasing variety.... Moroberekan, a jap type, is a heat sensitive rice type at the reproductive stage Jagadish et al. 2010. IR64, an ind type, is popular high grain yield rice cultivar Mackill and Khush 2018. These three species showed genotype-specific protein alterations in the anthers under HS Kumar et al. 2023. ...Main conclusion The Hsp101 gene is present across all sequenced rice genomes. However, as against Japonica rice, Hsp101 protein of most indica and aus rice contain insertion of glutamic acid at 907th position. Abstract The understanding of the heat stress response of rice plants is important for worldwide food security. We examined the presence/absence variations PAVs of heat shock proteins Hsps/heat shock transcription factor Hsf genes in cultivated rice accessions. While 53 Hsps/Hsfs genes showed variable extent of PAVs, 194 genes were the core genes present in all the rice accessions. ClpB1/Hsp101 gene, which is critically important for thermotolerance in plants, showed 100% distribution across the rice types. Within the ClpB1 gene sequence, 40 variation sites consisting of nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs and short insertion/deletions InDels were discerned. An InDel in ClpB1 leading to an in-frame insertion of 3 nucleotides TCC thereby an additional amino acid glutamic acid at 907th amino acid position was noted in most of the indica and aus as against japonica rice types. Three rice types namely Moroberekan japonica, IR64 indica and N22 aus were further analyzed to address the question of ClpB1 genomic variations and its protein levels with the heat tolerance phenotype. The growth profiling analysis in the post heat stress HS period showed that N22 seedlings were most tolerant, IR64 moderately tolerant and Moroberekan highly sensitive. Importantly, the ClpB1 protein sequences of these three rice types showed distinct differences in terms of SNPs. As the ClpB1 protein levels accumulated post HS were generally higher in Moroberekan than N22 seedlings in our study, it is proposed that some additional gene loci in conjunction with ClpB1 regulate the overall rice heat stress response.... Interestingly, most of the positive alleles for high GY and early DF were contributed by high yielding IR14M110 and early maturing parents IR950448-B-5-22-19-GBS respectively. High-grain yield and early-maturity are two most desirable traits for rice varietal development Zhao et al., 2011;MacKill and Khush, 2018;Li et al., 2019. Similarly, QTLs for PL and GW were contributed by Kaliboro, while TGW and GL were derived from IR14M141 Table 2. ...Breeding staple crops with increased micronutrient concentration is a sustainable approach to address micronutrient malnutrition. We carried out Multi-Cross QTL analysis and Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping for 11 agronomic, yield and biofortification traits using four connected RILs populations of rice. Overall, MC-156 QTLs were detected for agronomic 115 and biofortification 41 traits, which were higher in number but smaller in effects compared to single population analysis. The MC-QTL analysis was able to detect important QTLs viz qZn , qFe , qGY , qDF , qPH , qNT , qPT , qPL , qTGW , qGL , and qGW , which can be used in rice genomics assisted breeding. A major QTL qZn for grain Zn concentration has been detected on chromosome 5 that accounted for 13% of R ² . In all, 26 QTL clusters were identified on different chromosomes. qPH epistatically interacted with qZn and qGY . Most of QTLs were co-located with functionally related candidate genes indicating the accuracy of QTL mapping. The genomic region of qZn was co-located with putative genes such as OsZIP5 , OsZIP9 , and LOC_OS05G40490 that are involved in Zn uptake. These genes included polymorphic functional SNPs, and their promoter regions were enriched with cis -regulatory elements involved in plant growth and development, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Major effect QTL identified for biofortification and agronomic traits can be utilized in breeding for Zn biofortified rice varieties.... The panicle length means of Ciherang in locations 1, 2, and 3 were and cm, respectively data not shown, showing a relatively consistent performance across environments. This variety was bred from the IR64 variety, which was a mega-variety in Indonesia and other countries in Southeast and South Asia Mackill and Khush, 2018. ...Syaifullah RahimWilly Bayuardi SuwarnoHajrial AswidinnoorOne essential objective of rice breeding is to obtain high-yielding varieties. This study aims to 1 determine the effect of genotype G, environment E, and genotype by environment G×E interaction on agronomic traits and yield of 12 lowland rice genotypes, 2 estimate variance components and repeatability 3 identify promising rice genotypes with good agronomic performance and high yield potential. The trials were conducted in three irrigated lowland locations from June to November 2020, using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the G×E interaction effect was significant on days to flowering, days to harvest, plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length. The genotype's main effect was significant on yield. Four IPB lines IPB189-F-13-1-1, IPB189-F-23-2-2, IPB193-F-17-2-3, and IPB193-F-30-2-1 had a higher average yield than Ciherang and Inpari 32 varieties. The IPB189-F-23-2-2 had a panicle length stability across the three test locations and a higher average yield than the checks.... The pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Xoo, secretes transcription-activator-like effectors TALes to recognize effector-binding elements EBEs and induce, at minimum, one of OsSWEET11, OsSWEET13 and OsSWEET14 to increase sugar content in the invasion sites, and simultaneous introduction of mutations in EBE regions of all three OsSWEET promoters using CRISPR/Cas9 in rice line Kitaake and elite mega varieties IR64 Mackill and Khush, 2018 and Ciherang-Sub1 Toledo et al., 2015 confers them robust and broad-spectrum resistance to rice blight Eom et al., 2019;Oliva et al., 2019. The promoter of maize ZmSWEET4c was strongly selected during domestication and the higher gene expression in maize than maize ancestor teosinte leads to larger grains . ...SWEET Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter proteins, an essential class of sugar transporters, are involved in vital biological processes of plant growth and development. To date, systematical analysis of SWEET family in barley Hordeum vulgare has not been reported. In this study, we genome-wide identified 23 HvSWEET genes in barley, which were further clustered into four clades by phylogenetic tree. The members belonging to the same clade showed relatively similar gene structures and conserved protein motifs. Synteny analysis confirmed the tandem and segmental duplications among HvSWEET genes during evolution. Expression profile analysis demonstrated that the patterns of HvSWEET genes varied and the gene neofunctionalization occurred after duplications. Yeast complementary assay and subcellular localization in tobacco leaves suggested that HvSWEET1a and HvSWEET4, highly expressed in seed aleurone and scutellum during germination, respectively, functioned as plasma membrane hexose sugar transporters. Furthermore, genetic variation detection indicated that HvSWEET1a was under artificial selection pressure during barley domestication and improvement. The obtained results facilitate our comprehensive understanding and further functional investigations of barley HvSWEET gene family, and also provide a potential candidate gene for de novo domestication breeding of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi AMF belong to the Glomeromycota clade and can form root symbioses with 80% of Angiosperms, including agronomically-interesting crops species such as wheat, maize and rice. By increasing nutrient availability, uptake and soil anchoring of plants, AMF can improve plant’s growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses. AMF can also reduce symptoms and pathogen load on infected plants, both locally and systemically, through a phenomenon called Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance MIR. There is scarce information on rice mycorrhization, despite the high potential of this symbiosis in a context of sustainable water management in rice production systems. Results We studied the symbiotic compatibility global mycorrhization & arbuscules intensity and MIR phenotypes between six rice cultivars from two subspecies indica IR64 & Phka Rumduol; japonica Nipponbare, Kitaake, Azucena & Zhonghua 11 and three AMF genotypes Funneliformis mosseae FR140, Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 & R. intraradices FR121. The impact of mycorrhization on rice growth and defence response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Xoo infection was recorded via both phenotypic indexes and rice marker gene expression studies. All three AMF genotypes colonise the roots of all rice varieties, with clear differences in symbiotic compatibility depending on the combination under study. AMF interaction induced either neutral, beneficial, or negative effects on rice growth, but only neutral to beneficial effects on the extent of Xoo symptoms on leaves. R. irregularis DAOM197198 proved to be the most colonising AMF in terms of global mycorrhization and arbuscule intensities, inducing rice growth and reducing symptoms caused by Xoo in all rice varieties. Transcriptomic analyses by RT-qPCR on leaves of two rice cultivars contrasting in their interactions with AMF, shows two different pattern of response both on growth and defence marker genes, that can be related to their phenotypic responses. Conclusions The symbiotic compatibility between rice and AMF depends both on plant cultivar and AMF genotypes. Under our conditions, it drives beneficial, neutral, or negative effects on rice growth, and in some cases, MIR phenotypes after Xoo leaf infection. The interactions between rice and AMF genotypes drive different transcriptomic responses, shedding light on molecular markers of compatibility at the leaf CGIAR system of international agricultural research centers has made major contributions to crop improvement in developing countries, particular in rice and wheat. This paper brings together an expanded set of evidence on the diffusion and productivity impact of CGIAR crop improvement research through 2020, and breaks out these impacts by crop, region, and over time. By 2016-2020, CGIAR-related crop improvement technologies are estimated to have been adopted on about 221 million hectares across Asia, Africa and Latin America and had generated economic welfare gains of $57 billion annually. These welfare gains were increased in the 2010s at about the same rate as in the 1990s, at about $ billion/year, through technology diffusion to new areas as well as variety turnover in previously affected areas. In the early days of the “Green Revolution,” these welfare impacts were largely confined to rice and wheat in Asia, but in the most recent decades have grown to include a larger range of crops and geographies, notably to Sub-Saharan Africa. Although improved crop varieties have been the main technology through which CGIAR crop centers have achieved these impacts, CGIAR-related integrated pest management and natural resource management technologies have also made significant contributions to crop Kumar Dwivedi Santosh KumarMignon A. NatividadAmelia HenryBackground Harvest index is an important component of grain yield and is typically reduced by reproductive stage drought stress in rice. Multiple drought response mechanisms can affect harvest index including plant water status and the degree of stem carbohydrate mobilization during grain filling. In this study, we aimed to dissect the contributions of plant water status and stem carbohydrate mobilization to harvest index. Pairs of genotypes selected for contrasting harvest index but similar biomass and days to flowering were characterized at ICAR-RCER, Patna, India and at IRRI, Philippines. Results Multiple traits were related with harvest index across experiments, including mobilization efficiency at both sites as indicated by groupings in principal component analysis, and plant water status as indicated by direct correlations. Biomass-related traits were positively correlated with harvest index at IRRI but biomass was negatively correlated with harvest index at ICER-RCER, Patna. We observed that some pairs of genotypes showed differences in harvest index across environments, whereas other showed differences in harvest index only under drought. Of all time points measured when all genotypes were considered together, the stem carbohydrate levels at maturity were most consistently negatively correlated with harvest index under drought, but not under well-watered conditions. However, in the pairs of genotypes grouped as those whose differences in harvest index were stable across environments, improved plant water status resulted in a greater ability to both accumulate and remobilize stored carbohydrate, starch. Conclusion By distinguishing between genotypes whose harvest index was improved across conditions as opposed to specifically under drought, we can attribute the mechanisms behind the stable high-harvest index genotypes to be more related to stem carbohydrate remobilization than to plant water status. The stable high-harvest index lines in this study Aus 257 and Wanni Dahanala may confer mechanisms to improve harvest index that are independent of drought response and therefore may be useful for breeding improved rice Gita Lestari Mohammad UbaidillahRed rice contains high anthocyanin and bioactive antioxidant compounds that prevent free radical reactions. Cempo Salamet has potential as an antioxidant source, and the characteristics are red colored grains, 4-5 months old, 169 cm plant height, 7 productive tillers per plant, and resistance to blast disease. IR64 had been developed with the following characteristics 3 months old, 85 cm plant height, 20-35 productive tillers per plant, resistance to brown leafhoppers pigment. This study aimed to obtain information on the segregation of the F3 population from crosses between the Cempo Salamet and IR64 varieties. Research methods included preparation and maintenance with genotype analysis. PCR analysis was conducted using SSR markers with primer RM346, RM316, RM228, and RM339. The segregation in F3 plants was 50% for >130 cm plant height, 51% for 10-19 tillers per plant, 67% for g/100-grain weight, and 33% strong red for colour intensity. The findings demonstrated that SSR markers RM346, RM339, and RM228 could validate Cempo Salamet, IR64, and F3 DNA bands. However, RM316 could not validate all DNA bands in the research sample. ABSTRAK Beras merah mengandung antosianin yang tinggi dan senyawa bioaktif antioksidan yang mampu mencegah terjadinya reaksi radikal bebas. Cempo Salamet berpotensi sebagai sumber antioksidan yang memiliki karakteristik biji berwarna merah, umur 4-5 bulan, tinggi tanaman 169 cm, anakan produktif 7 batang, tahan terhadap penyakit blas. IR64 telah banyak dibudidayakan dengan karakteristik umur 3 bulan, tinggi tanaman 85 cm, anakan produktif 20-35 batang, tahan terhadap wereng coklat, akan tetapi tidak mengandung pigmen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi segregasi populasi F3 hasil persilangan antara varietas Cempo Salamet dan IR64. Metode penelitian meliputi persiapan dan pemeliharaan tanaman serta analisis genotipe bioaktif. Analisis PCR menggunaan marka SSR dengan primer RM 346, RM 316, RM 228, dan RM 339. Terjadi segregasi karakter morfologi pada populasi F3 yaitu diperoleh tanaman dengan tinggi >130 cm 50%, 10-19 anakan 51%, bobot 100 bulir dengan 2,2 g 67%, dan intensitas warna bulir dengan merah kuat 33%. Penelitian menunjukkan marker SSR yang dapat memvalidasi pita-pita DNA yaitu RM346, RM339, and RM228, sedangkan RM316 tidak dapat memvalidasi keseluruhan pita-pita DNA pada sampel Heat stress is one of the major abiotic threats to rice production, next to drought and salinity stress. Incidence of heat stress at reproductive phase of the crop results in abnormal pollination leading to floret sterility, low seed set and poor grain quality. Identification of QTLs and causal genes for heat stress tolerance at flowering will facilitate breeding for improved heat tolerance in rice. In the present study, we used 272 F8 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Nagina22, a well-known heat tolerant Aus cultivar and IR64, a heat sensitive popular Indica rice variety to map the QTLs for heat tolerance. Results To enable precise phenotyping for heat stress tolerance, we used a controlled phenotyping facility available at ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India. Based on 'days to 50% flowering' data of the RILs, we followed staggered sowing to synchronize flowering to impose heat stress at uniform stage. Using the Illumina infinium 5K SNP array for genotyping the parents and the RILs, and stress susceptibility and stress tolerance indices SSI and STI of percent spikelet sterility and yield per plant g, we identified five QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5, 9 and 12. The identified QTLs explained phenotypic variation in the range of to 21. 29%. Of these five QTLs, two high effect QTLs, one novel and one known were mapped in less than 400 Kbp genomic regions, comprising of 65 and 54 genes, respectively. Conclusions The present study identified two major QTLs for heat tolerance in rice in narrow physical intervals, which can be employed for crop improvement by marker assisted selection MAS after development of suitable scorable markers for breeding of high yielding heat tolerant rice varieties. This is the first report of a major QTL for heat tolerance on chromosome 9 of rice. Further, a known QTL for heat tolerance on chromosome 5 was narrowed down from 23 Mb to 331 Kbp in this near-isogenic lines NILs of Oryza sativa subsp. indica cv. IR64 Dro1-NIL, Sta1-NIL, Dro1+Sta1-NIL with DEEPER ROOTING 1 DRO1, a novel gene for steeper root growth angle, and/or with Stele Transversal Area 1 Sta1, a QTL for wider stele area, were tested under flooded lowland FL, alternate wetting and drying lowland AWD, and rainfed upland UP conditions in 2013 and 2014 to compare the effects of DRO1 and Sta1 on yield across different water management regimes. Genotypic variation and water management effects were significant for grain yield, aboveground biomass, and harvest index, as well as their interactions with year, but no significant genotype × water interaction was detected. Dro1-NIL had 14% higher yield than that of IR64 across the three water conditions due to higher harvest index, aboveground biomass, leaf area index, and number of grains. Sta1 tended to reduce the carbon isotope composition δ¹³C, leading to a higher harvest index of Sta1-NIL than that of IR64, but grain yield was not increased. Dro1+Sta1-NIL had the highest fraction of intercepted radiation, cumulative radiation interception, and panicle number, with a small but insignificant yield improvement over IR64, but the combination of DRO1 and Sta1 did not surpass the increment from the effects of DRO1 alone. AWD in the more rainy year 2014 attained both higher water productivity and higher biomass, with significant water by year interaction for water productivity. Genotypic variation in water productivity was related with higher leaf area index and fraction interception, with Dro1-NIL larger than in IR64 and Hu Jianbo CaoJie ZhangShiping WangThe major disease resistance gene Xa4 confers race-specific durable resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, which causes the most damaging bacterial disease in rice worldwide. Although Xa4 has been one of the most widely exploited resistance genes in rice production worldwide, its molecular nature remains unknown. Here we show that Xa4, encoding a cell wall-associated kinase, improves multiple traits of agronomic importance without compromising grain yield by strengthening the cell wall via promoting cellulose synthesis and suppressing cell wall loosening. Strengthening of the cell wall by Xa4 enhances resistance to bacterial infection, and also increases mechanical strength of the culm with slightly reduced plant height, which may improve lodging resistance of the rice plant. The simultaneous improvement of multiple agronomic traits conferred by Xa4 may account for its widespread and lasting utilization in rice breeding programmes Low phosphorus availability is a major factor limiting rice productivity. Since root traits determine phosphorus acquisition efficiency, they are logical selection targets for breeding rice with higher productivity in low phosphorus soils. Before using these traits for breeding, it is necessary to identify genetic variation and to assess the plasticity of each trait in response to the environment. In this study, we measured phenotypic variation and effect of phosphorus deficiency on root architectural, morphological and anatomical traits in 15 rice Oryza sativa genotypes. Rice plants were grown with diffusion-limited phosphorus using solid-phase buffered phosphorus to mimic realistic phosphorus availability conditions. Results Shoot dry weight, tiller number, plant height, number of nodal roots and shoot phosphorus content were reduced under low phosphorus availability. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced large lateral root density and small and large lateral root length in all genotypes, though the degree of plasticity and relative allocation of root length between the two root classes varied among genotypes. Root hair length and density increased in all genotypes in response to low phosphorus. Nodal root cross-sectional area was significantly less under low phosphorus availability, and reduced cortical area was disproportionately responsible for this decline. Phosphorus deficiency caused a 20 % increase in the percent cortical area converted to aerenchyma. Total stele area and meta-xylem vessel area responses to low phosphorus differed significantly among genotypes. Phosphorus treatment did not significantly affect theoretical water conductance overall, but increased or reduced it in a few genotypes. All genotypes had restricted water conductance at the base of the nodal root compared to other positions along the root axis. Conclusions There was substantial genetic variation for all root traits investigated. Low phosphorus availability significantly affected most traits, often to an extent that varied with the genotype. With the exception of stele and meta-xylem vessel area, root responses to low phosphorus were in the same direction for all genotypes tested. Therefore, phenotypic evaluations conducted with adequate fertility should be useful for genetic mapping studies and identifying potential sources of trait variation, but these should be confirmed in low-phosphorus Peng M. R. C. LazaRomeo M. VisperasGurdev S KhushGenetic improvement in grain yield has been intensively studied in wheat Triticum aestivum L., barley Hordeum vulgare L., oat Avena sativa L., maize Zea mays L., and soybean [Glycine max L. Merr.]. Such information is limited in rice Oryza sativa L.. The objective of this study was to determine the trend in the yield of rice cultivars-lines developed since 1966. Twelve cultivars-lines were grown at the International Rice Research Institute IRRI farm and the Philippine Rice Research Institute farm during the dry season of 1996. Seven cultivars-lines were grown at IRRI farm in the dry season of 1998. Growth analyses were performed at key growth stages, and yield and yield components were determined at physiological maturity. Regression analysis of yield versus year of release indicated an annual gain in rice yield of 75 to 81 kg ha-1, equivalent to 1% per year. The highest yields obtained with the most recently released cultivars was 9 to 10 Mg ha-1, which is equivalent to reported yields of IR8 and other early IRRI cultivars obtained in the late 1960s and early 1970s at these same sites. Therefore, the 1% annual increase in yield may not represent genetic gain in yield potential. The increasing trend in yield of cultivars released before 1980 was mainly due to the improvement in harvest index HI, while an increase in total biomass was associated with yield trends for cultivars-lines developed after 1980. Results suggest that further increases in rice yield potential will likely occur through increasing biomass production rather than increasing of rice varieties tolerant to submergence, high-yielding and good quality is essential due to increased flooding in the lowland areas in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. The purpose of this experiment was to develop rice varieties tolerant to submergence on the basis of a combination of two breeding methods by molecular markers, single cross and backcross. Evaluating tolerance of F8 and BC2F4 generation on the basis in the field of flooded and unflooded conditions to select promising lines to meet for farmers applying into production. The Sub1 gene was introgressed into the new breeding lines. Some high yielding and good submergence tolerant lines were developed BC2F4-4-3 however, also many lines failed were not acceptable due to their long duration between 120-130 days or their high rate of unfilled grain. This is a opportunity to improve good rice varieties for condition of breeding submergence rice varieties in Vietnam. © Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania SABRAO S KhushIn the 1960s there were large-scale concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However, widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by 80%, but food production more than doubled. The technological advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food production over the last 30 years was the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability. The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the 1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and efficient utilization of water and soil S KhushWR CoffmanThe Genetic Evaluation and Utilization GEU program of the International Rice Research Institute IRRI is an interdisciplinary program for the improvement of rice crops. Scientists trained in diverse disciplines such as plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology, agronomy, cereal chemistry, plant physiology, and soil chemistry work together and contribute their specialized skills to this joint endeavor. The program has five interrelated components 1 germ plasm collection and conservation, 2 research in disciplinary areas, 3 development of improved germ plasm, 4 distribution, evaluation and exchange of germ plasm internationally, 5 training of young forty thousand rice varieties from different countries are being maintained in the IRRI germ plasm bank. These varieties have been screened for grain quality, resistance to various diseases and insects, and tolerance to various environmental stresses such as drought, high and low temperatures and problem soils. Donor parents for resistances to each of the problem areas have been identified. These parents were utilized for developing improved germ plasm. Varieties with resistance to as many as five diseases and five insect species have been developed. These multiple resistant varieties are grown on millions of hectares of rice land. Seeds of improved breeding materials are exchanged internationally and 194 scientists from different countries have been trained in rice improvement work. PadiUnggul. Padi unggul merupakan variestas hasil persilangan bibit unggulan lokal yang akan menjadi bibit unggul baru. Jenis bibit unggulan yang ada yaitu; Cibogoh, Cisadane, IR-64, Ciherang dan lain-lain. Jenis Padi unggul bisa berkali-kali ditanam dan hasilnya pun sama dengan bibit induknya, hasil yang didapatkan mampu mencapai 8-10 ton/h Padi IR 64 merupakan salah satu varietas unggul padi sawah yang dilepas pemerintah mulai tahun 1986. Sampai saat ini masih disukai petani, karena umur tanam lebih pendek, nasinya pulen, dan mudah dijual karena harga terjangkau oleh masyarakat. Untuk memperoleh hasil padi IR 64 yang tinggi harus menggunakan benih bermutu dengan varietas unggul, yaitu benih padi IR 64 yang bersertifikat. Dalam penggunaan benih bersertifikat tidak semua dapat ditanam sebagai benih, melainkan harus dipilih yang bagus. Cara memilih benih padi yang bagus ada 3 tiga cara dan petani hanya cukup menggunakan satu cara saja. Setelah memperoleh benih yang bagus, petani harus berupaya memperoleh bibit padi yang bagus dengan memperhatikan persemaian/pembibitan. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan antara lain letak lokasi, cara mengolah tanah, cara melindungi bibit, dan lain-lain. Dari uraian tersebut di atas, petani perlu mengetahui hal-hal sebagai berikut. Keuntungan penggunaan benih bermutuPenamanan padi IR 64 disarankan menggunakan benih bermutu varietas unggul yang bersertifikat, karena akan memperoleh keuntungan sebagai berikut– Jika disemaikan akan menghasilkan bibit yang tegar dan sehat.– Tanaman yang sehat dengan perakar baik dan banyak.– Menghasilkan kecambah yang tinggi dan pertumbuhan yang seragam.– Dapat tumbuh lebih cepat dan tegar, setelah ditanam dipindah ke lahan tanam.– Tahan terhadap wereng coklat biotipe 1 & 2 dan virus kerdil rumput. – Agak tahan wereng coklat biotipe 3 hawar daun bakteri strain IV.– Akan diperoleh hasil yang tinggi dan mutu hasil lebih baik. Cara memilih benih yang baikSetiap sawah yang akan ditanami padi seluas 1 hektar membutuhkan benih sebanyak kira-kira 20 kg. Benih yang akan ditanam harus dipilih yang baik. Memilih benih padi yang baik ada 3 cara, tetapi hanya satu cara saja yang dipakai. Pilih satu dari 3 cara berikut 1. Pemilihan benih yang baik dengan telur dan air garam – Siapkan ember dengan ukuran minimal cukup untuk 3 kali volume/banyaknya benih. – Masukan air ke dalam ember, sebanyak kira-kira 2 kali volume benih. – Letakan telur di dasar air dan masukan garam dapur sedikit demi sedikit sampai telur terangkat ke permukaan air, lalu telur diambil. – Kemudian masukan benih padi IR 64 ke dalam larutan air garam. – Selanjutnya di aduk-aduk dan benih yang mengambang dibuang atau tidak ditanam. – Benih yang tengelam disemaikan. 2. Pemilihan benih yang baik dengan air garam – Siapkan ember dengan ukuran minimal cukup untuk 3 kali volume benih. – Buatlah larutan 20 gram garam dapur dalam 1 liter air – Masukan larutan garam ke dalam ember sebanyak 2 kali volume benih. – Masukan benih ke dalam larutan garam tersebut. – Kemudian di aduk-aduk dan benih yang mengambang dibuang atau tidak ditanam. – Benih yang tengelam disemaikan. 3. Pemilihan benih yang baik dengan pupuk ZA – Siapkan ember dengan ukuran minimal cukup untuk 3 kali volume benih. – Buatlah larutan 20 gram pupuk ZA dalam 1 liter air. – Masukan larutan pupuk ZA ke dalam ember sebanyak 2 kali volume benih. – Masukan benih ke dalam larutan pupuk ZA tersebut. – Kemudian di aduk-aduk dan benih yang mengambang dibuang atau tidak ditanam. – Benih yang tengelam disemaikan. Perlakuan benih padi untuk disemaikanSetelah mendapatkan benih padi yang baik atau benih padi yang tenggelam, tidak langsung disebar pada persemaian tetapi harus dilakukan hal-hal berikut Benih yang tenggelam dibilas dengan air bersih, agar tidak mengandung larutan garam atau bersih, benih direndam selama 24 jam, kemudian ditiriskan selama 48 jam. Lalu benih siap disebar pada bedengan persemaian. Cara persemaian/pembibitan– Pilih lokasi persemaian dekat dengan sumber air dan memiliki drainase yang baik, agar air di persemaian dapat diatur dengan baik cepat diairi dan cepat pula dikeringkan menurut kebutuhan. – Buatlah bedengan pembibitan seluas 400 m2, dengan lebar 1 – 1,2 m dan panjangnya menurut keadaan lahan. Antar bedengan dibuat parit sedalam 25 – 30 cm. – Setiap 2 m2 bedengan campurkan kera-kira 2 kg bahan organik seperti kompos atau pupuk kandang atau campuran serbuk kayu, abu, sekam padi. Pemberian bahan organik pada persemaian ini akan memudahkan pencabutan bibit padi sehingga kerusakan akar dapat dikurangi.– Persemaian perlu dilindungi dari hama tikus, sebab tikus sangat senang benih padi yang baru disebar, dengan cara– Buat pagar plastik mengelilingi tempat pembibitan.– Cara ini akan lebih baik/tepat apabila tempat persemaian beberapa petani dalam satu lokasi, dipasang bubu perangkap pada pagar plastik untuk pengendalian tikus sejak dini.– Sebarlah benih padi secara merata di atas bedengan. Penulis SUSILO ASTUTI H. Penyuluh Pertanian PusbangluhtanSumber Informasi1. Anonim. Petunjuk Teknis Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu PTT Padi Sawah Irigasi. Jakarta Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Anonim. Teknologi Budidaya Padi. Jakarta Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Departemen Pertanian. Anonim. Pedoman Umum. Peningkatan Produksi Padi, Jagung dan Kedelai Melalui Pelaksanaan Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Tanaman dan Sumber Daya Terapadu SL-PTT. Jakarta Direktorat Jenderal Tanaman Pangan. 2008. 4. Website gambar persemaian padi. .

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/319

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/317

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/415

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/712

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/485

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/672

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/689

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/572

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/892

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/418

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/240

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/5

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/955

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/608

edfiyb5f2f.pages.dev/695